Notas sobre la enseñanza del derecho en China contemporánea

Resumen: Este trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar los cambios que ha sufrido el sistema de enseñanza del Derecho durante el siglo XX en China, desde el final de la sociedad feudal, al germen de la sociedad capitalista y, finalmente, a la época socialista. La forma de la enseñanza del Derecho ha pasado de copiar totalmente la de otros países a buscar la forma adecuada a las circunstancias y al sistema de educación de China. La investigación intenta ofrecer así un análisis de los sucesivos sistemas de enseñanza del Derecho durante el siglo pasado, un acercamiento teórico a los problemas y logros de cada etapa, y una breve reflexión sobre la actualidad. Palabras clave: Enseñanza del Derecho en China, sociedad feudal, sociedad capitalista, sociedad socialista, proceso de la Reforma y Apertura. Abstract: This article describes the changes that took place during the twentieth century on the Chinese legal education, as well as the fundamental influences on each stage of that change. In the last century, China has gone through three different historical stages: the end of the feudal society, the initial phase of the capitalist society, and the socialist society. The legal education has also gone from copying the methods used in foreign countries to finding its own, proper Chinese way to teach law. This research offers an analysis on the changes of the legal education system during that period, a theoretical approach to the problems that that country had and the successes that may have achieved at every stage, and some brief thoughts on the present stage of the question. Key Words: The system of legal education, the feudal society, the capitalist society, the socialist period, the process of Reform and Opening

Design and Evaluation for Target Indicated Torque Based Engine Starting Control Strategy in a High Pressure Common Rail Diesel Engine

The diesel engine power demand of the start condition can be separated into two parts including resistance overcoming and acceleration realization for the reason that there is no power output during the starting process. The present paper mainly focuses on the fuel injection quantity control based on the engine power demand especially the acceleration demand for the resistance force is fixed for a specific engine, and the starting acceleration velocity is set as a target curve so that the acceleration process can also be fixed. The feasibility of the start control strategy proposed in this paper was verified by a comparison of the traditional starting control with a constant fuel quantity, and starting performance of the target acceleration based control shows predominance to the constant quantity control. And then the comparison between various starting acceleration processes, which was realized by the settings of acceleration curve slope factor, was conducted and results showed that the acceleration processes with higher slope factors perform better

Population genetics analysis of the black rockfish <em>Sebastes schlegelii</em> in Northern China based on 2b-RAD simplified genome sequencing

The black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii is an important fishery species in Japan, South Korea, and China. Overfishing has severely depleted the natural resources of S. schlegelii in recent years, leading to the initiation of programs aimed at enhancing fish stock. However, the genetic structure of northern populations remains elusive, posing challenges in collecting and preserving germplasm resources. In this study, a total of 191 S. schlegelii individuals from seven populations, including one cultured population (Changdao: CDYZ) and six wild populations (Lianyungang: LYG; Qingdao: QD; Weihai: WH; Changdao: CDYS; Beidaihe: BDH) sequenced by 2b-RAD method and their population genetics was analyzed using 27,064 SNPs obtained. The results indicated low genetic diversity in both wild and cultured populations (PIC Ho: 0.174-0.273, He: 0.173-0.234), with the cultured population exhibiting higher diversity than the wild ones. Moderate genetic differentiation existed between the cultured population and six wild populations (0.05 Fst Fst Nm > 1). This study provides a theoretical basis for conserving and rationalizing germplasm resources for S. schlegelii

The association between Chinese visceral adiposity index and cardiometabolic multimorbidity among Chinese middle-aged and older adults: a national cohort study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the association between the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) and cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged and older Chinese adults.MethodsThe data used in this study were obtained from a national cohort, the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011-2018 wave). The CVAI was measured using previously validated biomarker estimation formulas, which included sex, age, body mass index, waist circumference, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The presence of two or more of these cardiometabolic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, and stroke) is considered as cardiometabolic multimorbidity. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to examine the association between CVAI and cardiometabolic multimorbidity, adjusting for a set of covariates. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to show the strength of the associations. We also conducted a subgroup analysis between age and sex, as well as two sensitivity analyses. Receiver operator characteristic curves (ROC) were used to test the predictive capabilities and cutoff value of the CVAI for cardiometabolic multimorbidity.ResultsA total of 9028 participants were included in the final analysis, with a mean age of 59.3 years (standard deviation: 9.3) and women accounting for 53.7% of the sample population. In the fully-adjusted model, compared with participants in the Q1 of CVAI, the Q3 (HR = 2.203, 95% CI = 1.039 – 3.774) and Q4 of CVAI (HR = 3.547, 95% CI = 2.100 – 5.992) were associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic multimorbidity. There was no evidence of an interaction between the CVAI quartiles and sex or age in association with cardiometabolic multimorbidity (P &gt;0.05). The results of both sensitivity analyses suggested that the association between CVAI and cardiometabolic multimorbidity was robust. In addition, the area under ROC and ideal cutoff value for CVAI prediction of cardiometabolic multimorbidity were 0.685 (95% CI = 0.649-0.722) and 121.388.ConclusionThe CVAI is a valid biomarker with good predictive capability for cardiometabolic multimorbidity and can be used by primary healthcare organizations in the future for early warning, prevention, and intervention with regard to cardiometabolic multimorbidity

Adaptive command-filtered finite-time consensus tracking control for single-link flexible-joint robotic multi-agent systems

This article presents a command-filtered finite-time consensus tracking control strategy for the considered single-link flexible-joint robotic multi-agent systems. First, each agent system considered in this article is a nonlinear nonstrict-feedback system with unknown nonlinearities, so the traditional backstepping method cannot be directly applied to the design controller. However, by applying the unique structure of the Gaussian function in radial basis function neural networks, the challenges in controller design caused by the aforementioned nonstrict-feedback system have been overcome. Second, the problem of unknown nonlinearities in the system is solved by the approximation property of radial basis function neural network technology. In addition, the traditional backstepping approach often leads to an “explosion of complexity” resulting from repeated derivation of virtual control signals. Our design addresses this issue by employing command filtering technology, which simplifies the controller design process. Meanwhile, new compensation signals are designed, which successfully eliminate the error influence posed by the filters. It is seen that the control strategy presented in this article can guarantee the tracking errors converge to a small neighborhood of origin in a finite time, and all signals in the closed-loop systems remain bounded. Eventually, the simulation results show the validity of the acquired control scheme

A multicenter, randomized controlled, non-inferiority trial, comparing nasal continuous positive airway pressure with nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation as primary support before minimally invasive surfactant administration for preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (the NIV-MISA-RDS trial): Study protocol

BackgroundNon-invasive ventilation (NIV) treatment has been developed to minimize lung damage and to avoid invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in preterm infants, especially in those with a gestational age of &lt;30 weeks. Our hypothesis is that for preterm infants &lt;30 weeks with potential to develop respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is non-inferior to the nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) as primary respiratory support before minimal invasive surfactant administration (MISA).Methods and designThe NIV-MISA-RDS trial is planned as an unblinded, multicenter, randomized, non-inferiority trial at 14 tertiary neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in China. Eligible infants are preterm infants of 24–29+6 weeks of gestational age who have spontaneous breaths at birth and require primary NIV support for RDS. Infants are randomized 1:1 to treatment with either NCPAP or NIPPV once admitted into NICUs. If an infant presents progressively aggravated respiratory distress and is clinically diagnosed as having RDS, pulmonary surfactant will be supplemented by MISA in the first 2 h of life. The primary outcome is NIV treatment failure within 72 h after birth. With a specified non-inferiority margin of 10%, using a two-sided 95% CI and 80% power, the study requires 480 infants per group (in total 960 infants).DiscussionCurrent evidence shows that NIV and MISA may be the most effective strategy for minimizing IMV in preterm infants with RDS. However, there are few large randomized controlled trials to compare the effectiveness of NCPAP and NIPPV as the primary respiratory support after birth and before surfactant administration. We will conduct this trial to test the hypothesis that NCPAP is not inferior to NIPPV as the initial respiratory support in reducing the use of IMV in premature infants who have spontaneous breaths after birth and who do not require intubation in the first 2 h after birth. The study will provide clinical data for the selection of the initial non-invasive ventilation mode in preterm infants with a gestational age of &lt;30 weeks with spontaneous breaths after birth.Clinical trial registrationhttps://register.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05137340

MicroRNA-Mediated Control of Oligodendrocyte Differentiation

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate various biological processes, but evidence for miRNAs that control the differentiation program of specific neural cell types has been elusive. To determine the role of miRNAs in the formation of myelinating oligodendrocytes, we selectively deleted a miRNA-processing enzyme, Dicer1, in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Mice lacking Dicer1 display severe myelinating deficits despite an expansion of the oligodendrocyte progenitor pool. To search for miRNAs responsible for the induction of oligodendrocyte maturation, we identified miR-219 and miR-338 as oligodendrocyte-specific miRNAs in spinal cord. Overexpression of these miRNAs is sufficient to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Additionally, blockage of these miRNA activities in oligodendrocyte precursor culture and knockdown of miR-219 in zebrafish inhibit oligodendrocyte maturation. miR-219 and miR-338 function in part by directly repressing negative regulators of oligodendrocyte differentiation, including transcription factors Sox6 and Hes5. These findings illustrate that miRNAs are important regulators of oligodendrocyte differentiation, providing new targets for myelin repair

Positive effects of parent–child group emotional regulation and resilience training on nonsuicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents: a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundNonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among adolescents is a growing global concern. However, effective interventions for treating NSSI are limited.MethodA 36-week quasi-experimental study design of parent–child group resilience training (intervention group) for adolescents aged 12–17 years was used and compared with treatment-as-usual (control group). The primary endpoint was the frequency of NSSI assessed with the Ottawa Self-Injury Inventory (OSI), and the secondary endpoints were the levels of depression, hope, resilience, and family adaptability and cohesion as assessed by the 24-item Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-24), Herth Hope Scale (HHS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, second edition (FACES-II-CV), respectively.ResultA total of 118 participants completed the trial. Both groups showed a significant reduction in NSSI frequency after 12, 24, and 36 weeks of intervention (p&lt; 0.05), although the intervention group did not differ significantly from the control group. After 12, 24, and 36 weeks of intervention, the CD-RISC, HHS, HAMD-24, and FACES-II-CV scores in the intervention and control groups improved over baseline (p&lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the intervention group had higher scores on the CD-RISC, HHS, and FACES-II-CV and lower scores on the HAMD-24 than the control group after 12, 24, and 36 weeks of intervention (p  &lt; 0.05).ConclusionParent–child group emotional regulation and resilience training showed promise as treatment options for NSSI among adolescents, leading to increased hope, resilience, and improved family dynamics among NSSI teens. Moreover, NSSI frequency significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to baseline