Re-colonizing spaces of memorializing: the case of the Chattri Indian Memorial, UK

This article inspects the ways that spaces of war memorialization are organized and reorganized through official and unofficial meaning-making activities. It aims to contribute to the discussion of the ‘value’ of memorializing by examining a multifaceted space of remembrance and commemoration: the Chattri Indian Memorial built near Brighton, UK. The article brings postcolonial perspectives to explore how memorializing has been organized here, focusing on the activities of once-colonized people and the affective, embodied aspects of organizing practices. Built in 1921 to honour Indian soldiers who fought in WWI, the Chattri evolved from a colonial instrument to symbol and space for ethnic-Indian group activities. The study employed historical, visual and ethnographic methods to study the tangible monument and the changing nature of the memorializing activities carried out around the monument. Memorializing is conceptualized within three inter-related processes: colonizing, de-colonizing and re-colonizing to examine how forms and practices of memorialization constitute a values-laden organizing system

Sequential Injection Method for Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of ²³⁶U, ²³⁷Np, and Pu Isotopes in Seawater

An automated analytical method implemented in a novel dual-column tandem sequential injection (SI) system was developed for simultaneous determination of ²³⁶U, ²³⁷Np, ²³⁹Pu, and ²⁴⁰Pu in seawater samples. A combination of TEVA and UTEVA extraction chromatography was exploited to separate and purify target analytes, whereupon plutonium and neptunium were simultaneously isolated and purified on TEVA, while uranium was collected on UTEVA. The separation behavior of U, Np, and Pu on TEVA–UTEVA columns was investigated in detail in order to achieve high chemical yields and complete purification for the radionuclides of interest. ²⁴²Pu was used as a chemical yield tracer for both plutonium and neptunium. ²³⁸U was quantified in the sample before the separation for deducing the ²³⁶U concentration from the measured ²³⁶U/²³⁸U atomic ratio in the separated uranium target using accelerator mass spectrometry. Plutonium isotopes and ²³⁷Np were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after separation. The analytical results indicate that the developed method is robust and efficient, providing satisfactory chemical yields (70–100%) of target analytes and relatively short analytical time (8 h/sample)

Temporal Variation of Iodine Isotopes in the North Sea

Monitoring temporal variability of ¹²⁹I in the North Sea, a relatively large reservoir of radioactive discharges from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, is vital for the environmental situation in the region. New information on concentration levels and distribution of ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I and their species forms (iodide and iodate) are gained here through sampling of surface water in 2010. The results show generally large spatial and temporal (compared to data from 2005) fluctuations of total ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I, and iodide and iodate. In samples south of 53°N, the level of ¹²⁷I^– in 2010 was generally comparable or higher than in 2005. The results also show total ¹²⁹I concentrations comparable in the south, but 2–8 times lower in the north, to the analyses made in 2005. Different from total ¹²⁹I, the ¹²⁹I^–/¹²⁹IO₃^– values in the northern part were 2 times higher in 2010 than values observed in 2005. These variations in total ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I and their species are related to coastal water offshore propagation and surface currents that are linked to long-term and seasonal climatic changes over the North Atlantic and North Sea. Inventory estimation shows that >90% of ¹²⁹I resides in the Southern and German Bights, which also suggests negligible contribution from the Sellafield facility discharges when compared with that from the La Hague. Variability in discharge rate from La Hague may also affect the distribution patterns of ¹²⁹I in the North Sea on the monthly scale

Speciation Analysis of ¹²⁹I in Seawater by Carrier-Free AgI–AgCl Coprecipitation and Accelerator Mass Spectrometric Measurement

A rapid and simple method was developed for speciation analysis of ¹²⁹I in seawater by selective coprecipitation of carrier-free iodide and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement of ¹²⁹I. Iodide was separated from seawater and other species of iodine by coprecipitation of AgI with Ag₂SO₃, AgCl, and AgBr by addition of only 100 mg/L Ag⁺ and 0.3 mmol/L NaHSO₃ at pH 4.2–5.5. The separation efficiency of iodide was more than 95%, and crossover between ¹²⁹IO₃^– and ¹²⁹I^– fractions is less than 3%. Iodate and total inorganic iodine were converted to iodide by use of NaHSO₃ at pH 1–2 and then separated by the same method as for iodide. Ag₂SO₃ in the coprecipitate was removed by washing with 3 mol/L HNO₃ and the excess AgCl and AgBr was removed by use of diluted NH₃, and finally a 1–3 mg precipitate was obtained for AMS measurement of ¹²⁹I. The recovery of iodine species in the entire procedure is higher than 70%. Six seawater samples collected from the Norwegian Sea were analyzed by this method as well as a conventional anion-exchange chromatographic method; the results from the two methods show no significant difference (<i>p</i> = 0.05). Because only one separation step and fewer chemicals are involved in the procedure, this method is suitable for operation on board sampling vessels, as it avoids the transport of samples to the laboratory and storage for a longer time before analysis, therefore significantly improving the analytical capacity and reliability of speciation analysis of ¹²⁹I. This improvement can stimulate oceanographic tracer studies of ¹²⁹I

Rapid Multisample Analysis for Simultaneous Determination of Anthropogenic Radionuclides in Marine Environment

An automated multisample processing flow injection (FI) system was developed for simultaneous determination of technetium, neptunium, plutonium, and uranium in large volume (200 L) seawater. Ferrous hydroxide coprecipitation was used for the preliminary sample treatment providing the merit of simultaneous preconcentration of all target radionuclides. Technetium was separated from the actinides via valence control of technetium (as Tc­(VII)) in a ferric hydroxide coprecipitation. A novel preseparation protocol between uranium and neptunium/plutonium fractions was developed based on the observation of nearly quantitative dissolution of uranium in 6 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution. Automated extraction (TEVA for technetium and UTEVA for uranium) and anion exchange (AGMP-1 M for plutonium and neptunium) chromatographic separations were performed for further purification of each analyte within the FI system where four samples were processed in parallel. Analytical results indicate that the proposed method is robust and straightforward, providing chemical yields of 50–70% and improved sample throughput (3–4 d/sample). Detection limits were 8 mBq/m³ (0.013 pg/L), 0.26 μBq/m³ (0.010 fg/L), 23 μBq/m³ (0.010 fg/L), 84 μBq/m³ (0.010 fg/L) and 0.6 mBq/m³ (0.048 ng/L) for ⁹⁹Tc, ²³⁷Np, ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu and ²³⁸U for 200 L seawater, respectively. The unique feature of multiradionuclide and multisample simultaneous processing vitalizes the developed method as a powerful tool in obtaining reliable data with reduced analytical cost in both radioecology studies and nuclear emergency preparedness

Silencing of LIN28B suppressed the migration of SW480 cells.

<p>The cells were transfected with 50 nM NC or si-LIN28B and were allowed to migrate through a Transwell chamber. Representative graphs are presented.</p

Number and antimicrobial resistance profiles of resistant <i>Salmonella</i> strains within each serogroup.

<p>AMP, ampicillin; AMC, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid; CEF, cefalotin; XNL, ceftiofur; CHL, chloramphenicol; FFN, florfenicol; TET, tetracycline; DOX, doxycycline; KAN, kanamycin; GEN, gentamicin; AMI, amikacin; SUL, sulfamethoxazole; TMP, trimethoprim; ENR, enrofloxacin; NOR, norfloxacin; CIP, ciprofloxacin; POL, polymyxin.</p

PFGE pattern of 104 Salmonella enterica serovars Indiana.

<p>Chromosomal DNA of 104 <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Indiana isolates carrying the <i>int</i>1, <i>bla</i>_TEM, <i>flo</i>R, <i>tet</i>A, <i>str</i>A, and <i>aac(6′)-Ib-cr</i> genes were digested with the restriction enzyme <i>Xba</i>I and then subjected to PFGE analysis. The results showed five major patterns as determined by PFGE.</p

Distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrase genes among <i>Salmonella</i>.

<p>Distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes and integrase genes among <i>Salmonella</i>.</p