Demographic information of participants.

a<p>MMT vs. MMT with CP, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>b<p>MMT with CP vs. MMT with CM, <i>P</i><0.05.</p>c<p>MMT vs. MMT with CM, <i>P</i><0.05.</p

Risk factor assignment in logistic and Cox regression analyses.

<p>Risk factor assignment in logistic and Cox regression analyses.</p

Retention rates from 2006 to 2011.

a<p>MMT vs. MMT with CP.</p>b<p>MMT with CP vs. MMT with CM.</p>c<p>MMT vs. MMT with CM.</p

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for retention in MMT.

<p>Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model for retention in MMT.</p

Transcript abundance of the <i>Cry1Ac</i>, <i>SCK</i>, <i>Cry1Ah3</i> and <i>Cry9Aa3</i> genes detected by qRT-PCR.

<p>Transcript abundance of the <i>Cry1Ac</i>, <i>SCK</i>, <i>Cry1Ah3</i> and <i>Cry9Aa3</i> genes detected by qRT-PCR.</p

Mortalities (%) of gypsy moth larvae fed with leaves of three different transgenic lines.

<p>Mortalities (%) of gypsy moth larvae fed with leaves of three different transgenic lines.</p

Western blot assay of Bt proteins in the transgenic lines.

<p>(A) Western blot assay for the expression of Cry1Ac. (B) Western blot assays for the expression of Cry1Ah3. (C) Western blot assays for the expression of Cry9Aa3,. The arrows indicate the expected protein products (70kD). CK means control, which is wild type of poplar.</p

Frame diagrams of plant transformation vectors.

<p><b>(A)</b> pCRPBSCK35SBt.(B) pP1Ah3. (C) pP9Aa3. LB: Left border; RB: right border; P35S: the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter; NPT II or KanR: neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; Tnos or Poly A signal: poly-adenylation site of the nopalin synthase gene; MAR: matrix attachment region; Pnos: promoter of the nopalin synthase gene; PRPB: promoter of replication protein of CLCuV (Cotton leaf curl virus).</p

Mortalities (%) of fall webworm larvae fed with leaves of three different transgenic lines.

<p>Mortalities (%) of fall webworm larvae fed with leaves of three different transgenic lines.</p

Poplar leaf bioassay against gypsy moth larvae after 7 d of feeding.

<p>(A) A3 (Cry1Ac and SCK). (B) B1 (Cry1Ah3). (C) C1 (Cry9Aa3). (D) wild type as control.</p