The number of distinct peptides identified in a protein.

<p>The peptides were identified using Mascot, based on a 95% confidence level.</p

Proteomics Study on Nonallergic Hypersensitivity Induced by Compound 4880 and Ovalbumin

<div><p>Nonallergic hypersensitivity reaction (NHR) accounts for more than 77% of all immune-mediated immediate hypersensitivity reactions and has become a serious threat to public health. Here, proteomics was used to study the NHR mechanism of two typical substances, the compound 4880 and ovalbumin. Twelve different proteins were suggested as potential biomarkers for examining the NHR mechanism, and our results revealed that the mechanism mainly encompassed 2 processes, i.e., generation and effect processes. The generation process could be classified as direct stimulation, complement (classical and alternative), coagulation, kallikrein-kinin, and integrated pathways. Thus glutathione peroxidase 1, terminal complement complex (complement factor 4d and Bb), coagulation 13, kininogen-1, and IgE could be used as candidate biomarkers for the indication of the corresponding pathways respectively, the proteins were further confirmed by ELISA. And the effect process was mainly composed of histamine as well as proteins such as DCD and MYLPF, which could be used as important indices for the symptoms of NHR. Our study differs from previous studies in that C4880 was found to not only be involved in the direct stimulation pathway, but also in the activated complement and kallikrein-kinin pathways through the coagulation pathway. We also report for the first time that ovalbumin-induced NHR could be a combination of the coagulation, classical complement, and integrated pathways.</p></div

The histamine, IgE, F13, Kng1, Gpx1, Sc5b9, C4d and Bb levels of BN rats by ELISA assay.

<p>All values are expressed as means ± SD and analyzed through one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett method to determine significance between the control and experimental groups. Compared to control group, *P<0.05, **P<0.01.</p

Reproducibility of protein identification.

<p>(a) Biologically replicate experiment was processed with iTRAQ analyzing procedure: there were 96 differentially expressed proteins identified in the C4880 group and 121 differential proteins identified in OVA group; the number of total differential proteins in C4880 and OVA groups was 198, 19 differential proteins were common. (b) Coefficients of variation of C4880 and OVA groups comparing with control group.</p

The symptom scores of BN rats.

<p>The symptom scores of BN rats.</p

Molecular functions of the total proteins.

<p>Molecular functions of the total proteins.</p

A proposed generation and effect mechanism study of nonallergic hypersensitivity reaction according to KEGG nomenclature through proteomics.

<p>The levels of potential biomarkers were labeled with “↑” up-regulated, “↓” down-regulated and “-” no significant difference comparing with control group, the left was C4880 group and the right was OVA group.</p