Recovering hidden sub-layers of repainted automotive paint by 3D optical coherence tomography

<p>In violent vehicular crimes, the damaged area of a vehicle is usually repainted artificially in order to conceal the evidence. Detecting and recovering the hidden sub-layer morphology of repainted automotive paint is highly valuable for providing trace evidence in hit-and-run cases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel forensic imaging technique for repainted automotive paint analysis with the advantages of non-destructive, noncontact, high-resolution and cross-sectional imaging. In this study, we applied a custom-built spectral-domain OCT configuration with ~6 μm axial and lateral resolution to obtain three-dimensional (3D) images of an artificially prepared, internally-damaged, repainted automotive paint surface. Two-dimensional (2D) cross-sectional images were produced to locate the damaged area and 3D-OCT reconstruction was performed to directly visualize the sub-layers beneath the repainted paint surface. The results demonstrate that 3D-OCT technology manages to recover high-resolution sub-layer images of the repainted automotive paint through volumetric imaging, and thus provides more valuable information for forensic purposes.</p

<i>ATP1A3</i> mutations and clinical features of patients with alternating hemiplegic of childhood.

<p>F: female, M: male, y: year, h: hour, d: day, m: month, +: positive, −: negative, NA: not available, Patients A05603 and A05604 were two monozygous twins.</p

Discriminative features and classifier for disease-associated mutations <i>versus</i> neutral variants.

<p>(A) Discriminative effect and correlation of each molecular feature based on training dataset. X-Y axes demonstrated correlation between each feature with variant category through logistic regression analysis and Spearman's rho calculation. The dot color represented the class the molecular feature belonged to, and size meant selected frequency in robust feature selection procedure. The selected features were labeled. (B) Classifiers and its prediction result. X-Y axes represented the selected features ‘cbeta_wt_E2’ (the number of β carbon atoms around the mutated site within 10 Å in E2 wildtype protein structure) and ‘dist_metal_E2’ (the minimum distance from mutated site to metal ion binding pocket in E2 wildtype protein structure; unit Å), belonging to ‘solvent accessibility’ and ‘distance to metal site’ class respectively. The violin diagrams demonstrated the distribution of each feature in each variant category. The crosses indicate singleton mutations in AHC, while dots were mutations used in the train dataset. The size of the dots represented precision weights. The solid line was corresponded to the simplest model without any weight, while the three dotted lines from left to right according to the intercept on X axis were the decision boundaries of three different models (see Methods section): using all mutations for training; weighting train dataset with frequency weight; weighting train dataset with precision weight.</p

Mutation frequency comparison of <i>ATP1A3</i> between Chinese and European/American populations.

<p>(A) Mutation frequency comparison of AHC. Each dot represented one mutation, whose value of X axis was the number of cases carrying this mutation out of 47 Chinese AHC cases, and value of Y axis was the number of carriers out of 106 European/American AHC cases. The background showed the <i>P</i>-value of Fisher's exact test and dashed line represented 0.05 significant level. (B) Overall population difference of <i>ATP1A3</i> according to F_st values. The dots and solid line represented F_st values of informative SNPs in the populations of Chinese, European and American, and the dotted line represented all eleven populations in HapMap Project. The threshold of F_st were set according to S. Wright <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097274#pone.0097274-Rasmus1" target="_blank">[40]</a>.</p

Locations of <i>ATP1A3</i> variants and mutations shown on protein domains.

<p>The line represented the protein and the colors of the line represented distance to metal ion binding sites, as the upper left panel showed. The dots represented variants and mutations (for insertion/deletion, the dot marked the beginning position) with the colors representing phenotype categories, as the upper right legend showed. The raw data for this figure was in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097274#pone.0097274.s003" target="_blank">Table S1</a>.</p

Volcano plot showing raw p values versus mean methylation difference between cases and controls.

<p>The two most significant CpG sites are highlighted in red.</p

General characteristics of the subjects in PA cohort (2nd replication panel).

<p>Means±SD.</p

Top 10 differentially methylated CpG sites.

<p>TSS, transcription starting site.</p

General characteristics of the subjects in GA cohort (1^st replication panel).

<p>Means±SD [Range].</p

General characteristics of cases and controls for genome-wide methylation analysis.

<p>Means±SD [Range].</p