Preparation and Release Behavior of Chlorpyrifos Adsolubilized into Layered Zinc Hydroxide Nitrate Intercalated with Dodecylbenzenesulfonate

A novel method was developed to make the charge-neutral and poorly water-soluble pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) adsolubilize into layered zinc hydroxide nitrate intercalated with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (ZHN-DBS). It included two steps: first, CPF was solubilized into the micelles formed by anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS), nonionic surfactant polyoxyethylene (10) nonyl phenyl ether (TX-10) or zwitterionic surfactant dodecyl betaine (DB), and then ZHN–DBS was poured into CPF micelles to synthesize ZHN–DBS–CPF, ZHN–TX-10–CPF, and ZHN–DB–CPF intercalated compounds. These intercalated compounds were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The results showed that ZHN–DBS–CPF, ZHN–TX-10–CPF, and ZHN–DB–CPF had the basal spacings of 3.29–3.59, 2.57–2.87, and 1.97 nm, respectively, which was discussed from the intercalated mechanism. The intercalated CPF had the higher thermal stability. Release behaviors of CPF from intercalated compounds were investigated and analyzed in buffer solutions (pH 5.0 and 6.8). The results exhibited that the release rates and equilibrium release amounts of CPF were closely dependent on micelles types and release mediums. The release behaviors of ZHN–DBS–CPF and ZHN–TX-10–CPF were well described with pseudo second-order and parabolic diffusion models. The present study suggested that ZHN–DBS–CPF and ZHN–TX-10–CPF could be applied as a potential pesticide delivery system

Investigation on the Structure of Water/AOT/IPM/Alcohols Reverse Micelles by Conductivity, Dynamic Light Scattering, and Small Angle X-ray Scattering

We have systematically investigated the effect of alcohols (ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol) on the structure of the water/AOT/IPM system using conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) techniques. The results show that no percolation phenomenon is observed in the water/AOT/IPM system, whereas the addition of ethanol (propanol and butanol) induces apparently percolation. The threshold water content (<i>W</i>_p) depends closely on the alcohol type and concentration. The effect of alcohols on the conductance behavior is discussed from the physical properties of alcohols, the interfacial flexibility, and the attractive interactions between droplets. The hydrodynamic diameter of droplets (<i>d</i>_H) obtained from DLS increases markedly with the increase in water content (<i>W</i>₀); however, it decreases gradually with increasing alcohol chain length and concentration. SAXS measurements display distinctly the shoulder, the low hump peaks, and the heavy tail phenomenon in the pair distance distribution function <i>p</i>(<i>r</i>) profile, which rely strongly on the alcohol species and its concentration. The gyration radius (<i>R</i>_g) increases with increasing <i>W</i>₀, and decreases with the increase of alcohol chain length and concentration. Schematic diagram of the conductance mechanism of water/AOT/IPM/alcohol systems is primarily depicted. Three different phases of the discrete droplets, the oligomers, and the isolated ellipsoidal droplets existed in the different <i>W</i>₀ ranges correspond to three different stages in the conductivity–<i>W</i>₀ curve. Coupling the structure characteristics of reverse micelles obtained from DLS and SAXS techniques with conductivity could be greatly helpful to deeply understand the percolation mechanism of water/AOT/IPM/alcohols systems

Mechanism of Copper(I)-Catalyzed 5‑Iodo-1,2,3-triazole Formation from Azide and Terminal Alkyne

5-Iodo-1,2,3-triazole (iodotriazole) can be prepared from a copper­(I)-catalyzed reaction between azide and terminal alkyne in the presence of an iodinating agent, with 5-protio-1,2,3-triazole (protiotriazole) as the side product. The increasing utilities of iodotriazoles in synthetic and supramolecular chemistry drive the efforts in improving their selective syntheses based on a sound mechanistic understanding. A routinely proposed mechanism takes the cue from the copper­(I)-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, which includes copper­(I) acetylide and triazolide as the early and the late intermediates, respectively. Instead of being protonated to afford protiotriazole, an iodinating agent presumably intercepts the copper­(I) triazolide to give iodotriazole. The current work shows that copper­(I) triazolide can be iodinated to afford iodotriazoles. However, when the reaction starts from a terminal alkyne as under the practical circumstances, 1-iodoalkyne (iodoalkyne) is an intermediate while copper­(I) triazolide is bypassed on the reaction coordinate. The production of protiotriazole commences after almost all of the iodoalkyne is consumed. Using ¹H NMR to follow a homogeneous iodotriazole forming reaction, the rapid formation of an iodoalkyne is shown to dictate the selectivity of an iodotriazole over a protiotriazole. To ensure the exclusive production of iodotriazole, the complete conversion of an alkyne to an iodoalkyne has to, and can be, achieved at the early stage of the reaction

Enhancement of Thermal Performance of Composite Phase Change Materials by Graphite In Situ Modified Al₂O₃ Porous Support

Three-dimensionally connected, pore-adjustable, high-porosity Al2O3 foam (AF) and graphite in situ modified Al2O3 foams (GAFs) were prepared by using the particle-stabilized emulsion as a template. A graphite layer was coated on the surface of Al2O3 particles by using sucrose as a carbon resource, preventing PEG leakage and improving the thermal conductivity. After encapsulating PEG with AF and GAF, we obtained a series of stabilized composite phase change materials (sPCMs). The melting enthalpy of PGAF can reach up to 152.4, which is 27.2% higher than that of PAF. The thermal conductivity of PGAF 30 is 0.79 W/(m K), which is 1.47 times that of PEG, and the light-to-heat conversion efficiency can reach 81.31%. The prepared sPCM has broad application prospects in solar energy utilization, waste heat recovery, building energy saving, and power peak regulation

Table_2_Genome-wide DNA methylation of Munro’s microabscess reveals the epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.xlsx

IntroductionMunro's microabscess is a typical pathological feature in the early psoriatic lesion, mainly characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils in the epidermis. DNA methylation microenvironment of Munro's microabscess and the crosstalk with transcription and its effect on neutrophils have not yet been revealed.MethodsPerformed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and further differential methylation analysis of psoriatic skin lesions with and without Munro's microabscess from two batch samples consisting of 114 former samples in the discovery stage and 21 newly-collected samples in the validation stage. Utilized GO, MEME, and other tools to conduct downstream analysis on differentially methylated sites (DMSs). Correlation analysis of methylation level and transcriptome data was also conducted.ResultsWe observed 647 overlapping DMSs associated with Munro's microabscess. Subsequently, GO pathway analysis revealed that DNA methylation might affect the physical properties associated with skin cells through focal adhesion and cellsubstrate junction and was likely to recruit neutrophils in the epidermis. Via the MEME tool, used to investigate the possible binding transcription factors (TFs) of 20 motifs around the 647 DMSs, it was found that DNA methylation regulated the binding of AP1 family members and the recruitment of neutrophils in the epidermis through the TGF-beta pathway and the TH17 pathway. Meanwhile, combined with our earlier transcriptome data, we found DNA methylation would regulate the expressions of CFDP, SIRT6, SMG6, TRAPPC9, HSD17B7, and KIAA0415, indicating these genes would potentially promote the process of Munro's microabscess.DiscussionIn conclusion, DNA methylation may affect the course of psoriasis by regulating the progression of Munro's microabscess in psoriatic skin lesions.</p

DataSheet_1_Genome-wide DNA methylation of Munro’s microabscess reveals the epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.docx

IntroductionMunro's microabscess is a typical pathological feature in the early psoriatic lesion, mainly characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils in the epidermis. DNA methylation microenvironment of Munro's microabscess and the crosstalk with transcription and its effect on neutrophils have not yet been revealed.MethodsPerformed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and further differential methylation analysis of psoriatic skin lesions with and without Munro's microabscess from two batch samples consisting of 114 former samples in the discovery stage and 21 newly-collected samples in the validation stage. Utilized GO, MEME, and other tools to conduct downstream analysis on differentially methylated sites (DMSs). Correlation analysis of methylation level and transcriptome data was also conducted.ResultsWe observed 647 overlapping DMSs associated with Munro's microabscess. Subsequently, GO pathway analysis revealed that DNA methylation might affect the physical properties associated with skin cells through focal adhesion and cellsubstrate junction and was likely to recruit neutrophils in the epidermis. Via the MEME tool, used to investigate the possible binding transcription factors (TFs) of 20 motifs around the 647 DMSs, it was found that DNA methylation regulated the binding of AP1 family members and the recruitment of neutrophils in the epidermis through the TGF-beta pathway and the TH17 pathway. Meanwhile, combined with our earlier transcriptome data, we found DNA methylation would regulate the expressions of CFDP, SIRT6, SMG6, TRAPPC9, HSD17B7, and KIAA0415, indicating these genes would potentially promote the process of Munro's microabscess.DiscussionIn conclusion, DNA methylation may affect the course of psoriasis by regulating the progression of Munro's microabscess in psoriatic skin lesions.</p

Table_3_Genome-wide DNA methylation of Munro’s microabscess reveals the epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.xlsx

IntroductionMunro's microabscess is a typical pathological feature in the early psoriatic lesion, mainly characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils in the epidermis. DNA methylation microenvironment of Munro's microabscess and the crosstalk with transcription and its effect on neutrophils have not yet been revealed.MethodsPerformed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and further differential methylation analysis of psoriatic skin lesions with and without Munro's microabscess from two batch samples consisting of 114 former samples in the discovery stage and 21 newly-collected samples in the validation stage. Utilized GO, MEME, and other tools to conduct downstream analysis on differentially methylated sites (DMSs). Correlation analysis of methylation level and transcriptome data was also conducted.ResultsWe observed 647 overlapping DMSs associated with Munro's microabscess. Subsequently, GO pathway analysis revealed that DNA methylation might affect the physical properties associated with skin cells through focal adhesion and cellsubstrate junction and was likely to recruit neutrophils in the epidermis. Via the MEME tool, used to investigate the possible binding transcription factors (TFs) of 20 motifs around the 647 DMSs, it was found that DNA methylation regulated the binding of AP1 family members and the recruitment of neutrophils in the epidermis through the TGF-beta pathway and the TH17 pathway. Meanwhile, combined with our earlier transcriptome data, we found DNA methylation would regulate the expressions of CFDP, SIRT6, SMG6, TRAPPC9, HSD17B7, and KIAA0415, indicating these genes would potentially promote the process of Munro's microabscess.DiscussionIn conclusion, DNA methylation may affect the course of psoriasis by regulating the progression of Munro's microabscess in psoriatic skin lesions.</p

Cu(II)-Catalyzed Oxidative Formation of 5,5′-Bistriazoles

Copper­(II) acetate under aerobic conditions catalyzes the formation of 5,5′-bis­(1,2,3-triazole)­s (5,5′-bistriazoles) from organic azides and terminal alkynes. This reaction is an oxidative extension of the widely used copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne “click” cycloaddition. The inclusion of potassium carbonate as an additive and methanol or ethanol as the solvent, and in many instances an atmosphere of dioxygen, promote the oxidative reaction to afford 5,5′-bistriazole at the expense of 5-protio-1,2,3-triazole (5-protiotriazole). If needed, tris­[(1-benzyl-1<i>H</i>-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)­methyl]­amine (TBTA) as a ligand additive further accelerates the formation of 5,5′-bistriazoles. A convenient procedure to prepare TBTA is also reported to facilitate the adoption of this method for preparation of 5,5′-bistriazoles. Aromatic azide-derived 5,5′-bistriazoles possess rigid axially chiral structures with a broad distribution of dihedral angles, which may be explored as chiral ligands in enantioselective catalysis if decorated with proper functional groups

Table_4_Genome-wide DNA methylation of Munro’s microabscess reveals the epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.xlsx

IntroductionMunro's microabscess is a typical pathological feature in the early psoriatic lesion, mainly characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils in the epidermis. DNA methylation microenvironment of Munro's microabscess and the crosstalk with transcription and its effect on neutrophils have not yet been revealed.MethodsPerformed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and further differential methylation analysis of psoriatic skin lesions with and without Munro's microabscess from two batch samples consisting of 114 former samples in the discovery stage and 21 newly-collected samples in the validation stage. Utilized GO, MEME, and other tools to conduct downstream analysis on differentially methylated sites (DMSs). Correlation analysis of methylation level and transcriptome data was also conducted.ResultsWe observed 647 overlapping DMSs associated with Munro's microabscess. Subsequently, GO pathway analysis revealed that DNA methylation might affect the physical properties associated with skin cells through focal adhesion and cellsubstrate junction and was likely to recruit neutrophils in the epidermis. Via the MEME tool, used to investigate the possible binding transcription factors (TFs) of 20 motifs around the 647 DMSs, it was found that DNA methylation regulated the binding of AP1 family members and the recruitment of neutrophils in the epidermis through the TGF-beta pathway and the TH17 pathway. Meanwhile, combined with our earlier transcriptome data, we found DNA methylation would regulate the expressions of CFDP, SIRT6, SMG6, TRAPPC9, HSD17B7, and KIAA0415, indicating these genes would potentially promote the process of Munro's microabscess.DiscussionIn conclusion, DNA methylation may affect the course of psoriasis by regulating the progression of Munro's microabscess in psoriatic skin lesions.</p

Table_1_Genome-wide DNA methylation of Munro’s microabscess reveals the epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.xlsx

IntroductionMunro's microabscess is a typical pathological feature in the early psoriatic lesion, mainly characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils in the epidermis. DNA methylation microenvironment of Munro's microabscess and the crosstalk with transcription and its effect on neutrophils have not yet been revealed.MethodsPerformed genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and further differential methylation analysis of psoriatic skin lesions with and without Munro's microabscess from two batch samples consisting of 114 former samples in the discovery stage and 21 newly-collected samples in the validation stage. Utilized GO, MEME, and other tools to conduct downstream analysis on differentially methylated sites (DMSs). Correlation analysis of methylation level and transcriptome data was also conducted.ResultsWe observed 647 overlapping DMSs associated with Munro's microabscess. Subsequently, GO pathway analysis revealed that DNA methylation might affect the physical properties associated with skin cells through focal adhesion and cellsubstrate junction and was likely to recruit neutrophils in the epidermis. Via the MEME tool, used to investigate the possible binding transcription factors (TFs) of 20 motifs around the 647 DMSs, it was found that DNA methylation regulated the binding of AP1 family members and the recruitment of neutrophils in the epidermis through the TGF-beta pathway and the TH17 pathway. Meanwhile, combined with our earlier transcriptome data, we found DNA methylation would regulate the expressions of CFDP, SIRT6, SMG6, TRAPPC9, HSD17B7, and KIAA0415, indicating these genes would potentially promote the process of Munro's microabscess.DiscussionIn conclusion, DNA methylation may affect the course of psoriasis by regulating the progression of Munro's microabscess in psoriatic skin lesions.</p