Stimulus.

<p>A) Face exemplars for four versions of part tasks that (i) either have veridical face configurations or do not, and (ii) either contain full-spectrum spatial frequencies, or contain only high spatial frequencies. Within each version of the part task, either the two eyes or the mouth are changed. B) Face stimuli for the spacing task. C) Face stimuli for whole-part task.</p

Behavioral results from prosopagnosic subjects.

<p>A) Whole-part effect from the normal (Control) and prosopagnosic (DP) groups. B) The application of the standard and modified part-tasks in measuring how face parts are processed in prosopagnosia (DP).</p

The behavioral relevance of the object-selective regions.

<p>Both the pFs (<i>A</i>) and LO (<i>B</i>) were involved in the parts-based representation of faces, as correlations of spatial patterns of activation in both regions were higher for correct trials than incorrect trials, regardless of configural changes. Error bars indicate s.e.m. above and below the mean.</p

Stimuli and hypothetical representations.

<p><i>A</i>) Exemplars of the Veridical face set (top) and the Scrambled face set (bottom). Face stimuli differ either in eyes or mouths within each set. <i>B</i>) Illustration of behavior-neural activation correlational analysis. Correlations of spatial patterns of activation in the FFA were calculated across independent fMRI data sets (i.e., even versus odd runs). We then examined whether the correlation of spatial patterns was higher for correct than incorrect trials. <i>C</i>) “Holistic” representation. If the featural information of faces is combined with the configural information, a higher correlation of spatial patterns in correct trials than incorrect trials shall be observed only when the veridical face configuration is present (i.e., the interaction). <i>D</i>) “Parts-based” representation. If the featural information of faces is encoded independently of the configural information, a higher correlation of spatial patterns in correct trials than incorrect trials shall be observed regardless of whether or not the veridical face configuration is presented (i.e., the main effect). <i>E</i>) “Both” representation. If both types of representations are implemented in the FFA, we shall expect both the interaction and the main effect.</p

The behavioral relevance of the spatial patterns of neural activation in the face-selective regions.

<p><i>A</i>) Face-selective regions of a typical participant. Face-selective regions, the FFA and OFA, from the fMRI localizer runs are shown on the right hemisphere (RH) of the inflated brain. Sulci are shown in dark gray and gyri in light gray. <i>B</i>) In the FFA, correlations of spatial patterns were higher for correct than incorrect trials only when face parts were presented in a veridical face configuration. * indicates that the two-way interaction of stimulus condition (Veridical versus Scrambled) by response type (Correct versus Incorrect) is significant. <i>C</i>) In the OFA, correlations of spatial patterns were higher for correct than incorrect trials, regardless of configural changes. Error bars indicate s.e.m. above and below the mean. *: <i>p</i><0.05; n.s.: not significant.</p

Behavioral results from normal subjects.

<p>A) Face inversion effect (FIE) for featural information when the first-order face configuration is either preserved (Veridical) or disturbed (Scrambled). Accuracy is shown on the y-axis and the error bar stands for standard error. B) Face inversion effect for featural information when face stimuli are high-pass-filtered. C) Face inversion effect for configural information in the spacing task. D) Correlation across subjects between the configural effect in the part task and the FIE of the spacing task.</p

Experimental procedure and behavioral result.

<p><i>A</i>) Sample trials in the experimental runs. Participants were instructed to discriminate face parts in a sequentially-presented face pair, either both with veridical face configurations (Veridical trials) or both without the configurations (Scrambled trials). The two types of trials were randomly intermixed in the runs. <i>B</i>) Behavioral performance. In the scanner, participants were more accurate (Left) and quicker (Right) in discriminating face parts in the Veridical trials than the Scrambled trials. Error bars indicate standard error of mean (s.e.m.) above and below the mean. *: <i>p</i><0.001.</p

The Labouring Mother

Annotation of unigenes targeted by miRNA

Deep Sequencing-Based Analysis of the <i>Cymbidium ensifolium</i> Floral Transcriptome

<div><p><i>Cymbidium ensifolium</i> is a Chinese <i>Cymbidium</i> with an elegant shape, beautiful appearance, and a fragrant aroma. <i>C. ensifolium</i> has a long history of cultivation in China and it has excellent commercial value as a potted plant and cut flower. The development of <i>C. ensifolium</i> genomic resources has been delayed because of its large genome size. Taking advantage of technical and cost improvement of RNA-Seq, we extracted total mRNA from flower buds and mature flowers and obtained a total of 9.52 Gb of filtered nucleotides comprising 98,819,349 filtered reads. The filtered reads were assembled into 101,423 isotigs, representing 51,696 genes. Of the 101,423 isotigs, 41,873 were putative homologs of annotated sequences in the public databases, of which 158 were associated with floral development and 119 were associated with flowering. The isotigs were categorized according to their putative functions. In total, 10,212 of the isotigs were assigned into 25 eukaryotic orthologous groups (KOGs), 41,690 into 58 gene ontology (GO) terms, and 9,830 into 126 Arabidopsis Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, and 9,539 isotigs into 123 rice pathways. Comparison of the isotigs with those of the two related orchid species <i>P. equestris</i> and <i>C. sinense</i> showed that 17,906 isotigs are unique to <i>C. ensifolium</i>. In addition, a total of 7,936 SSRs and 16,676 putative SNPs were identified. To our knowledge, this transcriptome database is the first major genomic resource for <i>C. ensifolium</i> and the most comprehensive transcriptomic resource for genus <i>Cymbidium</i>. These sequences provide valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of floral development and flowering. Sequences predicted to be unique to <i>C. ensifolium</i> would provide more insights into <i>C. ensifolium</i> gene diversity. The numerous SNPs and SSRs identified in the present study will contribute to marker development for <i>C. ensifolium</i>.</p> </div

Diagram of the expanded ABCDE model of floral development.

<p><i>a</i>. In the model, A, B, C, D, and E class MADS-box proteins interact, leading to the formation of homodimers and heterodimers called “floral quartets.” The complexes then activate floral organ-specific expression programs [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085480#B6" target="_blank">6</a>-<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085480#B8" target="_blank">8</a>]. Class A genes (<i>APETALA1</i>, AP1) control sepal development and, class A and class B genes (e.g., <i>PISTILLATA</i>, <i>PI</i>, and <i>APETALA3</i>, AP3) jointly regulate petal formation. Class B and class C genes (e.g., AGAMOUS, <i>AG</i>) jointly mediate stamen development. Class C genes determine the formation of carpel alone. Class D genes (e.g., <i>SEEDSTICK</i>, <i>STK</i> and <i>SHATTERPROOF</i>, <i>SHP</i>) specify the identity of the ovule within the carpel. Class E genes (e.g., <i>SEPALLATA</i>, <i>SEP</i>) are necessary for the proper formation of all floral organs. In orchids, male and female tissues fuse into a gynostemium or column. The orchid code theory suggests that class B <i>AP3/DEF</i>-like genes play a crucial role in lateral petal and lip identity and the class PI/GLO-like genes and the A, C, D and E class genes have unchanged function [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085480#B8" target="_blank">8</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085480#B50" target="_blank">50</a>-<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0085480#B52" target="_blank">52</a>]. <i>b</i>. Floral organs of <i>C. ensifolium</i>. Se: Sepals (whorl 1); Pe: Petals and Li: Lip (whorl 2); Co: Column including Ac: Anther cap and Ca: Carpel (whorl 3+Whorl4).</p