Homing flight 2: flock separation for models with different interaction structure.

<p>In (a), simulations consider initial conditions from the input data, while (b) averages over ten simulations of random initial conditions, and all time intervals. From the plots, a split occurs in the flock after (see (a)), while has the strongest collective component (see (b)).</p

Simulations of high density instances () of the R2 model.

<p>Low and high initial speeds are considered. The simulation with high initial speed shows small groups dispersing in many directions. Plot (a) shows a snapshot after 100 s and (b) one after 500 s.</p

Comparison of separation measures between extreme cases of initial conditions for the R2 model.

<p>Statistics were averaged over 10 simulations for each case. Plot (a) shows that the initial speed plays an important part in the global separation of the system . In plot (b), the local separations tend to similar steady states regardless of the initial conditions.</p

Simulations of low density instances () of the R2 model.

<p>Low and high initial speeds are considered. The simulation with low initial speed shows a more aligned and cohesive flock. Plot (a) shows a snapshot after 100 s and (b) one after 500 s.</p

Homing flight 3: Flock separation for models with different interaction structure.

<p>In (a), simulations consider initial conditions from the input data, while (b) averages over ten simulations of random initial conditions, and all time intervals. No significant collective behavior is found due to the long separations.</p

The “optimal” <i>M</i> value.

<p>Averaged mean absolute error (MAE) values between models and their source data for each homing flight. The MAEs from all the models of the same type (same <i>M</i>) were averaged in order to find which interaction followed best the separation dynamics. The models with show the least averaged MAE in all flights.)</p

Comparison of averaged separation measure for simulations of R2 model.

<p>Initial speeds and population radius (densities) for the R2 model were varied. Critical density values (highest cohesion) for each speed are marked for global separation in (a). Loosely invariant behavior for local separation is shown in (b). Statistics were averaged over 10 simulations for each parameter case.</p

Low density simulations of the modified Vicsek model and the “best” R1 model.

<p>The same initial conditions were used for both models. Qualitatively, the R1 model dynamics resemble the modified Visek model: individuals move away in groups. Plot (a) shows a snapshot at and (b) one at .</p

Comparison of between the modified Vicsek model data and the “best” R1 model.

<p>Statistics were averaged over 10 simulations, with both models using the same initial conditions. In (a) low density initial conditions (,) and in (b) high density initial conditions (,). The range of the simulations is delimited by the dashed lines.</p

Homing flight 4: Flock separation for models with different interaction structure.

<p>In (a), simulations consider initial conditions from the input data, while (b) averages over ten simulations of random initial conditions. From the plots, shows the best resemblance to the input data (see (a)) and the strongest collective component (see (b)).</p