5 research outputs found
Electrochemical Windows of Sulfone-Based Electrolytes for High-Voltage Li-Ion Batteries
Further development of high-voltage lithium-ion batteries requires electrolytes with electrochemical windows greater than 5 V. Sulfone-based electrolytes are promising for such a purpose. Here we compute the electrochemical windows for experimentally tested sulfone electrolytes by different levels of theory in combination with various solvation models. The MP2 method combined with the polarizable continuum model is shown to be the most accurate method to predict oxidation potentials of sulfone-based electrolytes with mean deviation less than 0.29 V. Mulliken charge analysis shows that the oxidation happens on the sulfone group for ethylmethyl sulfone and tetramethylene sulfone, and on the ether group for ether functionalized sulfones. Large electrochemical windows of sulfone-based electrolytes are mainly contributed by the sulfone group in the molecules which helps lower the HOMO level. This study can help understand the voltage limits imposed by the sulfone-based electrolytes and aid in designing new electrolytes with greater electrochemical windows
In Situ Observation of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation in Ordered Mesoporous Hard Carbon by Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
The aim of this work was to better understand the electrochemical
processes occurring during the cycling of a lithium half-cell based
on ordered mesoporous hard carbon with time-resolved in situ small-angle
neutron scattering (SANS). Utilizing electrolytes containing mixtures
of deuterated (<sup>2</sup>H) and nondeuterated (<sup>1</sup>H) carbonates,
we have addressed the challenging task of monitoring the formation
and evolution of the solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer.
An evolution occurs in the SEI layer during discharge from a composition
dominated by a higher scattering length density (SLD) lithium salt
to a lower SLD lithium salt for the ethylene carbonate/dimethyl carbonate
(EC/DMC) mixture employed. By comparing half-cells containing different
solvent deuteration levels, we show that it is possible to observe
both SEI formation and lithium intercalation occurring concurrently
at the low voltage region in which lithium intercalates into the hard
carbon. These results demonstrate that SANS can be employed to better
understand complicated electrochemical processes occurring in rechargeable
batteries, in a manner that simultaneously provides information on
the composition and microstructure of the electrode
Observing Framework Expansion of Ordered Mesoporous Hard Carbon Anodes with Ionic Liquid Electrolytes via in Situ Small-Angle Neutron Scattering
The
reversible capacity of materials for energy storage, such as
battery electrodes, is deeply connected with their microstructure.
Here, we address the fundamental mechanism by which hard mesoporous
carbons, which exhibit high capacities versus Li, achieve stable cycling
during the initial “break-in” cycles with ionic liquid
electrolytes. Using in situ small-angle neutron scattering we show
that hard carbon anodes that exhibit reversible Li<sup>+</sup> cycling
typically expand in volume up to 15% during the first discharge cycle,
with only relatively minor expansion and contraction in subsequent
cycles after a suitable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) has formed.
While a largely irreversible framework expansion is observed in the
first cycle for the 1-methyl-1-propypyrrolidinium bisÂ(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)Âimide
(MPPY.TFSI) electrolyte, reversible expansion is observed in the electrolyte
lithium bisÂ(trifluoro-methanesulfonyl)Âimide (LiTFSI)/1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium
bisÂ(trifluoromethanesulf-onyl)Âimide (EMIM.TFSI) related to EMIM<sup>+</sup> intercalation and deintercalation before a stable SEI is
formed. We find that irreversible framework expansion in conjunction
with SEI formation is essential for the stable cycling of hard carbon
electrodes
Insights into the Chemistry of the Cathodic Electrolyte Interphase for PTFE-Based Dry-Processed Cathodes
Dry
processing is a promising method for high-performance and low-cost
lithium-ion battery manufacturing which uses polytetrafluoroethylene
(PTFE) as a binder. However, the electrochemical stability of the
PTFE binder in the cathodes and the generated chemistry of the cathode
electrolyte interphase (CEI) layers are rarely reported. Herein, the
CEI properties and PTFE electrochemical stability are studied via
cycling the high-loading dry-processed electrodes in electrolytes
with LiPF6 or LiClO4 salt. Using LiClO4 salt can eliminate other possible F sources, allowing the decomposition
of PTFE to be studied. The detection of LiF in cells with the LiClO4 salt confirms that PTFE undergoes side reaction(s) in the
cathodes. When compared with LiClO4, the CEI layer is much
thicker when LiPF6 is used as the electrolyte salt. These
results provide insights into the CEI layer and may potentially enlighten
the development of binders and electrolytes for the high efficiency
and long durability of DP-based LIBs
Superior Conductive Solid-like Electrolytes: Nanoconfining Liquids within the Hollow Structures
The growth and proliferation of lithium
(Li) dendrites during cell recharge are currently unavoidable, which
seriously hinders the development and application of rechargeable
Li metal batteries. Solid electrolytes with robust mechanical modulus
are regarded as a promising approach to overcome the dendrite problems.
However, their room-temperature ionic conductivities are usually too
low to reach the level required for normal battery operation. Here,
a class of novel solid electrolytes with liquid-like room-temperature
ionic conductivities (>1 mS cm<sup>–1</sup>) has been successfully
synthesized by taking advantage of the unique nanoarchitectures of
hollow silica (HS) spheres to confine liquid electrolytes in hollow
space to afford high conductivities (2.5 mS cm<sup>–1</sup>). In a symmetric lithium/lithium cell, the solid-like electrolytes
demonstrate a robust performance against the Li dendrite problem,
preventing the cell from short circuiting at current densities ranging
from 0.16 to 0.32 mA cm<sup>–2</sup> over an extended period
of time. Moreover, the high flexibility and compatibility of HS nanoarchitectures,
in principle, enables broad tunability to choose desired liquids for
the fabrication of other kinds of solid-like electrolytes, such as
those containing Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, or Al<sup>3+</sup> as conductive media, providing a useful alternative strategy for
the development of next generation rechargeable batteries