15 research outputs found
Zwitterionic Ring Opening Polymerization with Isothioureas
Bicyclic
isothioureas <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> mediate
controlled ring opening polymerizations (ROP) of lactides in the absence
of protic initiators to afford high molecular weight polylactides
(PLA) with narrow polydispersities. The cyclic structure of the resulting
PLA was determined by dilute solution viscosity measurement and MALDI-TOF
mass spectrometry. Compared to DBU initiator, isothioureas are more
selective for producing cyclic PLA without appreciable linear contaminants.
Mechanistic studies involving acyl amidinium support our hypothesis
that DBU-initiated ZROP generates linear chains from a ketene aminal
intermediate
1,2-Dithiolane-Derived Dynamic, Covalent Materials: Cooperative Self-Assembly and Reversible Cross-Linking
The use of dithiolane-containing
polymers to construct responsive
and dynamic networks is an attractive strategy in material design.
Here, we provide a detailed mechanistic study on the self-assembly
and gelation behavior of a class of ABA triblock copolymers containing
a central polyÂ(ethylene oxide) block and terminal polycarbonate blocks
with pendant 1,2-dithiolane functionalities. In aqueous solution,
these amphiphilic block copolymers self-assemble into bridged flower
micelles at high concentrations. The addition of a thiol initiates
the reversible ring-opening polymerizations of dithiolanes in the
micellar cores to induce the cross-linking and gelation of the micellar
network. The properties of the resulting hydrogels depend sensitively
on the structures of 1,2-dithiolanes. While the methyl asparagusic
acid-derived hydrogels are highly dynamic, adaptable, and self-healing,
those derived from lipoic acid are rigid, resilient, and brittle.
The thermodynamics and kinetics of ring-opening polymerization of
the two dithiolanes were investigated to provide important insights
on the dramatically different properties of the hydrogels derived
from the two different dithiolanes. The incorporation of both dithiolane
monomers into the block copolymers provides a facile way to tailor
the properties of these hydrogels
Structurally Dynamic Hydrogels Derived from 1,2-Dithiolanes
The
design and generation of adaptable materials derived from structurally
dynamic polymers provides a strategy for generating smart materials
that can respond to environmental stimuli or exhibit self-healing
behavior. Herein we report an expedient organocatalytic ring-opening
polymerization of cyclic carbonates containing pendant dithiolanes
(trimethylene carbonate/dithiolane, TMCDT) from polyÂ(ethylene oxide)
diols to generate water-soluble triblock (ABA) copolymers containing
a central polyÂ(ethylene oxide) block and terminal dithiolane blocks.
Hydrogels generated from the triblock copolymers and a cross-linking
dithiol exhibited dynamic behavior as a result of the reversible ring
opening of the pendant 1,2-dithiolanes. These materials exhibit self-healing
behavior, can be injected through a syringe, and rapidly recover their
mechanical properties after a severe strain deformation. The dynamic
properties of these gels can be modulated with the number of dithiolane
units, pH, and temperature
Different Timing Features in Brain Processing of Core and Moral Disgust Pictures: An Event-Related Potentials Study
<div><p>Disgust, an emotion motivating withdrawal from offensive stimuli, protects us from the risk of biological pathogens and sociomoral violations. Homogeneity of its two types, namely, core and moral disgust has been under intensive debate. To examine the dynamic relationship between them, we recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) for core disgust, moral disgust and neutral pictures while participants performed a modified oddball task. ERP analysis revealed that N1 and P2 amplitudes were largest for the core disgust pictures, indicating automatic processing of the core disgust-evoking pictures. N2 amplitudes were higher for pictures evoking moral disgust relative to core disgust and neutral pictures, reflecting a violation of social norms. The core disgust pictures elicited larger P3 and late positive potential (LPP) amplitudes in comparison with the moral disgust pictures which, in turn, elicited larger P3 and LPP amplitudes when compared to the neutral pictures. Taken together, these findings indicated that core and moral disgust pictures elicited different neural activities at various stages of information processing, which provided supporting evidence for the heterogeneity of disgust.</p></div
Results of ANOVA for the amplitudes of N1, P2, N2, P3 and LPP components.
<p>Results of ANOVA for the amplitudes of N1, P2, N2, P3 and LPP components.</p
The reaction times and accuracies for three types of stimuli (<i>M±SD</i>).
<p>The reaction times and accuracies for three types of stimuli (<i>M±SD</i>).</p
The schematic illustration of the experimental procedure.
<p>Core disgust: vomit. Moral disgust: a bad antisocial action, a person stamping on a disabled beggar. Picture presentation was terminated by a key pressing or when 1000 ms was elapsed.</p
Topographical maps of voltage amplitudes of N1, P2, N2, P3 and LPP across three conditions.
<p>Topographical maps of voltage amplitudes of N1, P2, N2, P3 and LPP across three conditions.</p
Stimulus-locked grand average ERP waveforms.
<p>Grand average ERP waveforms recorded from Fz, FCz, Cz, CPz and Pz in response to core disgust (black lines), moral disgust (red lines) and neutral (blue lines) pictures.</p
Three-Dimensional Self-Assembly of Core/Shell-Like Nanostructures for High-Performance Nanocomposite Permanent Magnets
Core/shell nanostructures are fascinating
for many advanced applications including strong permanent magnets,
magnetic recording, and biotechnology. They are generally achieved
via chemical approaches, but these techniques limit them to nanoparticles.
Here, we describe a three-dimensional (3D) self-assembly of core/shell-like
nanocomposite magnets, with hard-magnetic Nd<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>B core of ∼45 nm and soft-magnetic α-Fe shell of ∼13
nm, through a physical route. The resulting Nd<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>B/α-Fe core/shell-like nanostructure allows both large remanent
magnetization and high coercivity, leading to a record-high energy
product of 25 MGOe which reaches the theoretical limit for isotropic
Nd<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets. Our
approach is based on a sequential growth of the core and shell nanocrystals
in an alloy melt. These results make an important step toward fabricating
core/shell-like nanostructure in 3D materials