Проблема самоопределения национальных меньшинств в теории и политике КПК (с 1922 г. по настоящее время)

Являясь многоэтническим государством, Китай сталкивается с проблемой обеспечения и защиты прав и свобод этнических меньшинств. Реализация права национальных меньшинств на самоопределение в КНР проводится посредством создания национально-территориальных автономий, что соответствует стратегическим целям внутренней политики Китая в целом и национальной политики в частности. Национальная политика Китая направлена на сохранение политической стабильности и территориальной целостности государства, поддержание процесса интеграции китайского общества и гармоничного развития межэтнических отношений. Объектом исследования является проблема реализации права на самоопределение наций в теории и политике КПК. Методологической базой исследования выступают исторический, структурно-функциональный и системный подходы. Историография темы представлена работами китайских и российских авторов (Т.В. Лазарева, В.А. Манько, М.Х. Фарукшин), в которых рассматриваются различные взгляды на развитие института национально-территориальной автономии и принципов самоуправления. В Китае процесс реализации национальными меньшинствами права на самоопределение подразделяется на два исторических этапа. Первый этап (с 1922 по 1949 г.) - процесс утверждения права на самоопределение. Второй (с 1949 г. по настоящее время) - процесс совершенствования института национально-территориальной автономии. Создание национально-территориальной автономии и есть способ решения национального вопроса в КНР.As a multi-ethnic country, China is concerned with the protection and reservation of the rights and freedoms of ethnic minorities. The rights of ethnic minorities to self-determination are guaranteed in China through the establishment of ethnic regional autonomies, which corresponds to China’s domestic strategic interests. China’s ethnic policy is aimed at maintaining political stability and the country’s territorial integrity, at achieving the integration of Chinese society and the harmonious development of ethnic relations. The object of research is the problem of enforcement of the right to national self-determination in the Chinese Communist Party’s theory and policy. The research methodology is represented with historical, structural and functional, systemic approaches, and the analysis of literature sources. The historiography of the research is represented with the books by the Chinese and Russian scholars (T.V. Lazareva, V.A. Manko, M.Kh. Farukshin) considering different views on the development of ethnic regional autonomy and self-government principles. In China, the enforcement of the right to self-determination by ethnic minorities is divided into two stages. The establishment of the right to self-determination was the first stage (from 1922 to 1949), and the process of improving the system of regional ethnic autonomy has been the second stage (from 1949 to the present). The system of regional ethnic autonomy in China is an effective way to solve ethnic problems

Bronchoscopic ethanol injection combined with cryotherapy is an effective treatment for benign airway stenosis caused by endotracheal intubation or tracheotomyc

The benign tracheal stenosis is a challenge in interventional pulmonary disease. Bronchoscopic ethanol injection (BEI) is always used in airway stenosis caused by malignant tracheal tumor. The efficacy and safety of BEI in benign airway stenosis has not been studied before. To compare the safety and efficacy between bronchoscopic icryotherapy and BEI combined with bronchoscopic cryotherapy in the treatment of benign tracheal stenosis. A retrospective study included 61 patients with tracheal stenosis caused by endotracheal intubation and tracheotomy from July 2010 to June 2015 was made. 33 patients received repeated bronchoscopic cryotherapy alone were in Group A, 29 patients underwent repeated cryotherapy combined with BEI were in Group B. Dyspnea index, tracheal diameter were collected before and after treatment. Efficacy and complications were compared in two groups. The changes of tracheal diameter, dyspnea index were significant before and after treatment in both groups (P < 0.05). The long-term cure rate was higher in group B than that in group A (100% vs 84.8%). The average duration for dilated airway stable was much shorter in group B than group A (166±28 days vs 278±32 days, P < 0.05). The average cryotherapy session performed in group B was significantly less than that in group A (22.1±4.7 vs 34.9±6.5, P < 0.05). Meanwhile the complications in group A were seldom, the incidence of complications related to BEI were low in group B (mild chest pain 7.1%, bleeding 3.6% and cough 10.7%). BEI combined with bronchoscopic cryotherapy is an effective minimally invasive choice for releasing the airway obstructive symptoms

A Decision Model to Predict the Optimal Size of the Diversified Management Industry from the View of Profit Maximization and Coordination of Industrial Scale

To avoid the risk of single and homogeneous development, China’s coal enterprises have explored a diversified development model and are actively developing coal-based industries such as electric power, coal chemical, coal equipment manufacturing, logistics, and building materials. In previous studies of the diversification strategy, the focus has been placed on the motivation for diversification, the measurement of diversification, and the relationship between diversification and enterprise performance. From an enterprise strategic decision, we predicted the optimal size of each industry by considering the limited enterprise capital, human resources, the synergetic relationship among industrial clusters (mainly the scale coordination), and policy factors. The optimal decision model for diversified industrial management was constructed using linear programming methods. The decision target was to maximize the enterprise’s profit, but to also consider the social and environmental benefits. One of the largest listed coal enterprises in China, China Coal Energy (also a typical diversified enterprise), was selected as a case for analysis. Data were collected from surveys and annual reports from 2010 to 2014. The optimal scales of coal, electric power, chemical, and equipment manufacturing were predicted, and could be used as a reference for future enterprise production decisions. Furthermore, this decision model can be used as a reference for other diversified enterprises