Proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblasts.

<p>(A) Osteoblast proliferation on the titanium surfaces after incubation for 1 d, 3 d and 5 d. (B) Alkaline phosphatase activity of osteoblasts on the titanium surfaces after incubation for 3 d, 7 d and 14 d (mean±SD, n = 6; **<i>p</i><0.01, *<i>p</i><0.05).</p

SEM images of the titanium surfaces after immersion in SBF.

<p>SEM micrographs of (A, C) UVA-treated and (B, D) UVC-treated surfaces after immersion in SBF for (A, B) one week (3000X, bar = 5 µm) and (C, D) three weeks (500X, bar = 20 µm).</p

Initial morphologies of the MG-63 osteoblasts on the titanium surface.

<p>(3000X, bar = 10 µm) SEM images of cells on the MAO, UVA-treated and UVC-treated surfaces after (A–C) 1 h and (D–F) 4 h incubation; (400X, bar = 50 µm) Fluorescence microscopy images of cells on the MAO, UVA-treated and UVC-treated surfaces after (G–I) 24 h incubation.</p

Photographic images of H₂O droplets pipetted onto the titanium surfaces.

<p>(A) MAO, (B) UVA-treated and (C) UVC-treated.</p

XRD spectra of the titanium surfaces after immersion in SBF.

<p>(A) one week and (B) three weeks. (a) UVA-treated and (b) UVC-treated.</p

SEM images of the titanium surface used in this study.

<p>(A) MAO titanium surface (3000X) and (B) cross-sectional view (200X).</p

XPS high-resolution spectra of the titanium surfaces after UV treatment.

<p>(Ti 2p, C 1s and O 1s).</p

Albumin adsorption and cell attachment to the surfaces.

<p>(A) The rate of albumin adsorption to the titanium surface after incubation for 2 h, 6 h and 24 h. (B) The rate of osteoblasts attached to the titanium surfaces after 1 h, 2 h and 4 h incubation (mean±SD, n = 6; **<i>p</i><0.01, *<i>p</i><0.05).</p