Entropies (in units of bits) for the distribution of positive (black circles) and negative (red squares) incomes from the first quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2008 for 5 sectors.

<p>Entropies (in units of bits) for the distribution of positive (black circles) and negative (red squares) incomes from the first quarter of 2006 to the fourth quarter of 2008 for 5 sectors.</p

Identification of economic downturns by metrics such as difference between entropy of negative and positive incomes, total income, and total income ratio.

<p>(a) variation of difference between entropy of negative and positive incomes with time; for exact timing of recessions, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025053#pone-0025053-g001" target="_blank">Figs. 1</a>–<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0025053#pone-0025053-g003" target="_blank">3</a>; (b) variation in time of total income (where the income of the 1st quarter of 1990 is taken as 1 unit); (c) variation in time of total income ratio , where denotes year and denotes quarter, so means 1st quarter income in 1990; this ratio crudely measures GDP contraction/expansion. The grey and orange vertical dashed lines indicate, respectively, the downturn onset times determined by NBER and the dates the NBER announced their onset identifications.</p

Ligand Exchange Procedure for Bimetallic Magnetic Iron–Nickel Nanocrystals toward Biocompatible Activities

Bimetallic magnetic iron-nickel (FeNi) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized through a one-pot synthetic wet chemistry method, and the morphology of the resulting NCs can be adjusted by changing the molar ratio of chemical attendees during the experimental processes. The obtained FeNi NCs can be redispersed in water medium though the phase works by using the ligand exchange procedures of cysteine (Cys), 5-aminovaleric acid (5AA), and glutathione (GSH), respectively. The synthesized NCs exhibited excellent magnetic properties with <i>H</i>_c (magnetic fields, ≈10^–3 T) and μ_a (initial permeability of up to 10⁵). Furthermore, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) polarization curves revealed a low overpotential of −0.47, −0.44, and 0.15 V and a current of 105.7, 97.8, and 209 mA for the Cys-, 5AA-, and GSH-FeNi NCs, respectively. This indicated a relatively high catalytic activity of these NCs in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The different cell lines (AGS, HepG2, MG63, NCI-H460, and SK-MEL-2) exposed to FeNi NCs for 5 days exhibited >87% viability at concentrations of up to 50 μg mL^–1, which was indicative of excellent biocompatibility. The resulting FeNi NCs offer a facile synthetic route to fabricate monodispersed NCs. The biocompatibility of these NCs should also enable their application in electrocatalysis and biological applications

Entropies (in units of bits) for the distribution of positive (black circles) and negative (red squares) incomes from the first quarter of 1990 to the first quarter of 1993 for 5 sectors.

<p>Entropies (in units of bits) for the distribution of positive (black circles) and negative (red squares) incomes from the first quarter of 1990 to the first quarter of 1993 for 5 sectors.</p

Full-Color Fluorescence of Carbonization-Triggered Carbon Dots for Multifunctional Light Module: Implications for Plant Lighting

Carbon dots (CDs) are widely used in the field of optoelectronics due to their excellent luminescent properties. However, CDs have difficulty achieving long-wavelength modulation due to their complex structure and unclear luminescence mechanism, which limit their application and development in real-life situations. In this work, we explored the effect of the degree of carbonization on the long-wavelength emission of CDs. In this work, blue, green, and red fluorescent CDs were prepared by a hydrothermal carbonization method using sodium lignosulfonate as a carbon source. The experimental results show that the size and graphitization degree of CDs increase gradually with increasing carbonization time, and the sp2 structure and graphite N atoms also increase gradually, which causes the fluorescence red shift of CDs, which is verified by chemical simulation calculations. The starch was embedded in CDs to prepare tricolor phosphors, which were applied to full-color light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Finally, the combination of CDs and modules extends the range of applications for which CDs can be used. The prepared multifunctional modules that can be used for multicolor switching can be used not only for plant lighting to promote plant growth but also for indoor lighting. This work has implications for the modulation of long-wavelength emission of CD fluorescence, expanding the practical applications of LEDs prepared from CDs and promoting the development of CDs in the field of optoelectronics

Entropies (in units of bits) for the distribution of positive (black circles) and negative (red squares) incomes from the first quarter of 1999 to the second quarter of 2003 for 5 sectors.

<p>Entropies (in units of bits) for the distribution of positive (black circles) and negative (red squares) incomes from the first quarter of 1999 to the second quarter of 2003 for 5 sectors.</p

Lignin-Derived Carbon Dots with Triple Emission Peaks for Lighting Modules and Backlight Display

White light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) have attracted a lot of attention for their small size, low energy consumption, and fast response time. However, developing a green material to replace the non-renewable rare earths in the preparation of WLEDs remains a big challenge at present. Here, biomass carbon dots (CDs) are compounded with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to obtain a solid fluorescent material that can replace rare earth phosphors for the preparation of WLEDs. Lignosulfonate CDs (L-CDs) prepared using sodium lignosulfonate as the carbon source show a unique characteristic of triple emission peaks under ultraviolet excitation. L-CDs@PVA prepared by combining CDs with PVA can overcome the aggregation-induced quenching (AIQ) effect and exhibit white fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) due to supramolecular cross-linking. Chromaticity coordinate (CIE) analysis shows that the light coordinates emitted by L-CDs@PVA (0.297, 0.318) are very close to the standard white light coordinates (0.330, 0.330). The WLEDs were prepared by using L-CDs@PVA as a white light conversion layer, and finally, the lighting modules and backlight modules were assembled in surface mount technology for illumination and display. The cross-combination of optical materials and bioenergy has a positive effect on sustainable development

Crysal structure parameters, data collection and refinement statistics.

<p>The values in parentheses are those for the highest resolution shell.</p><p>^<i>a</i> R_merge = Σ|<i>I</i>_<i>h</i>−<<i>I</i>>_<i>h</i>|/ Σ_h, where I_h is the intensity of an individual measurement of the reflection and < <i>I</i> >_<i>h</i> is the mean intensity of the reflection.</p><p>^<i>b</i><i>I/σ</i> is the mean of the intensity/sigma of the unique, averaged reflections.</p><p>^<i>c</i> R_work = Σ|<i>F</i>_<i>o</i>−<i>F</i>_<i>c</i>|/ Σ<i>F</i>_<i>o</i>, for the 95% of the reflection data used in the refinement. <i>F</i>_<i>o</i> and <i>F</i>_<i>c</i> are the observed and calculated structure factor amplitudes, respectively.</p><p>^<i>d</i>R_free is the equivalent of R_work, except that it was calculated for a randomly chosen 5% test set excluded from the refinement.</p><p>Crysal structure parameters, data collection and refinement statistics.</p

Biomimetic Interfacial Electron-Induced Electrochemiluminesence

We provide here, for the first time, a new interfacial electron-induced electrochemiluminescence (IEIECL) system, realizing bionic construction of bioluminescence (BL) by exploiting electrochemiluminescence (ECL) and ITIES (the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions). Significantly, the superiority of the IEIECL system is embodied with the solution of the two bottlenecks encountered in the conventional ECL innovation: that are (a) the applications of hydrophobic luminophores in more commonly used aqueous solution are inhibited tremendously due to the poor inherent solubility and the instability of radicals and (b) the analytes, insoluble in water, are hard to be discovered in an aqueous system because of too little content. More productive IEIECL radiation, analogous to BL, originates from the triplet excited state porphyrin in comparison to the homogeneous ECL. The mechanism of IEIECL, as well as the interaction mechanism between IEIECL and charge transfer (comprising electron transfer (ET), ion transfer (IT), and facilitated ion transfer (FIT)) at the ITIES, are explored in detail. Finally, we emphasize the actual application potential of the IEIECL system with the detection of cytochrome <i>c</i> (Cyt <i>c</i>); it is a key biomolecule in the electron transport chain in the process of biological oxidation and is also an intermediate species in apoptosis. Potentially, the IEIECL system permits ones to explore the lifetime and diffusion path of free radicals, as well as imparting a possibility for the construction of a bionic sensor

Characteristics of bacterial strains, plasmids and primers used in this study

<p>Characteristics of bacterial strains, plasmids and primers used in this study</p