Snowmelt Runoff Analysis under Generated Climate Change Scenarios for the Juntanghu River Basin, in Xinjiang, China

Assessing snowmelt runoff in catchments without conducting intensive observations for water resource management is very important. This paper presents the modeling results of meltwater runoff in the Juntanghu River basin, where the river flow is dominated by glacier and snow meltwater from above the mid-altitude of the north central Tian Shan Mountains in Northwest China. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model is used to assess the effects of potential climate change on the Juntanghu River basin. The model uses meteorological data, which include precipitation, temperature, wind, and solar radiation, to depict the impact of climate change on the river discharge in the Juntanghu watershed. The SWAT model is validated and verified against the observed discharge at the Hongshan reservoir at the outlet of the watershed from 1995 to 2010. The SWAT model can well differentiate between meltwater runoff from snow and that from glaciers in the basin. The R2 and Nash–Sutcliffe simulation efficiency values computed for the daily comparisons are 0.92 and 0.85 for the calibration period and 0.83 and 0.81 for the validation period, respectively. Experiments show that the hydrological cycle in the Juntanghu River basin may be altered under changing climatic scenarios. The mean annual stream flow changes in response to climate change projections are simulated using SWAT model. A rising mean temperature (T + 1 °C) in early spring results in a 2.14 times increase in the average daily stream flow (on February 27), whereas a higher rising temperature (T + 3 °C) results in an earlier snowmelt phenomenon. However, the snowmelt runoff from the preliminary to interim stages has less influence in relation to changes in the precipitation. The average daily flow changes of 1.07 times are predicted for precipitation change scenarios of 10%. The climate change scenarios show a large degree of uncertainty in terms of current climate change forecasts for the Juntanghu basin. The simulated Juntanghu hydrological cycle is also very sensitive to current forecasted climate changes under climate change conditions

DNA vaccination with a gene encoding Toxoplasma gondii GRA6 induces partial protection against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Infection with the protozoan <it>Toxoplasma gondii </it>causes serious public health problems and is of great economic importance worldwide. Protection from acute toxoplasmosis is known to be mediated by CD8+ T cells, but the <it>T. gondii </it>antigens and host genes required for eliciting protective immunity have been poorly defined. The <it>T. gondii </it>dense granule protein 6 (GRA6), recently proved to be highly immunogenic and produces fully immune protection in <it>T. gondii </it>infected BALB/c mice with an H-2L^dgene. The CD8+ T cell response of H-2L^dmice infected by the <it>T. gondii </it>strain seemed to target entirely to a single GRA6 peptide HF10-H-2L^dcomplex.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To determine whether a GRA6-based DNA vaccine can elicit protective immune responses to <it>T. gondii </it>in BALB/c mice, we constructed a eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1-HisGRA6 and tested its immunogenicity in a mouse model. BALB/c mice were vaccinated intramuscularly with three doses of GRA6 DNA and then challenged with a lethal dose of <it>T. gondii </it>RH strain tachyzoites. All immunized mice developed high levels of serum anti-GRA6 IgG antibodies, and <it>in vitro </it>splenocyte proliferation was strongly enhanced in mice adjuvanted with levamisole (LMS). Immunization with pcDNA3.1-HisGRA6 with LMS resulted in 53.3% survival of challenged BALB/c mice as compared to 40% survival of BALB/c without LMS. Additionally, immunized Kunming mice without an allele of H-2L^dfailed to survive.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our result supports the concept that the acquired immune response is MHC restricted. This study has a major implication for vaccine designs using a single antigen in a population with diverse MHC class I alleles.</p

2-Chloro-N′-(2-hy­droxy-3,5-diiodo­benzyl­idene)benzohydrazide

In the title compound, C14H9ClI2N2O2, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 65.9 (2)° and an intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. The mol­ecule has an E conformation about the C=N bond. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked into C(4) chains propagating in [001] by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Susceptibility of kuruma shrimp to the infection with Decapod iridescent virus 1

Infection with Decapod iridescent virus 1 (iDIV1), an important emerging disease of shrimps and crabs, has been included in the Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Report (QAAD) by the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) and listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). China has classified iDIV1 as a Class II animal pandemic disease. In the present study, to determine the susceptibility of Penaeus japonicus to Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1), healthy kuruma shrimp were artificially infected with DIV1 (isolate SHIV 20141215) by per os (the pathway that mimics natural transmission) and intramuscular injection (invasive pathway). The infected P. japonicus showed clinical signs such as anorexia, retardation, evident reddish body, swollen and whitish lymphoid organs, and mortalities of almost 100%. Real-time PCR showed that all the challenged individuals by per os or intramuscular routes were DIV1-positive with an average virus load between 10(9.09 ± 0.58) and 10(8.94 ± 0.45) copies/μg-DNA, respectively. Histological examination revealed karyopyknosis, and eosinophilic inclusions and minute basophilic stains were combined in lymphoid organs, hematopoietic tissue and gills of diseased individuals. In addition, lymphoid organs showed disorganization of the tubule matrix. In situ DIG-labeling loop-mediated isothermal amplification (ISDL) also demonstrated the presence of DIV1 signals existed in lymphoid organs, hemopoietic tissue, gills, epithelial tissue, hepatopancreas and muscle. Ultrathin sections examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the presence of DIV1 virions, the virogenic stroma, and the nucleocapsid production process in infected cells. In addition, pathogen surveillance of cultured samples showed that the DIV1 detection rate of farmed P. japonicus samples from five coastal provinces in China was 5.3% (9/157) in 2022. The results mentioned above support that P. japonicus is a newly confirmed susceptible host for DIV1, enhancing the pathogen ecological understanding of pathogens and giving more support for developing DIV1 preventive and control strategies

Timescales and contribution of heating and helicity effect in helicity-dependent all-optical switching

The heating and helicity effects induced by circularly polarized laser excitation are entangled in the helicity-dependent all-optical switching (HD-AOS), which hinders understanding the magnetization dynamics involved. Here, applying a dual-pump laser excitation, first with a linearly polarized (LP) laser pulse followed by a circularly polarized (CP) laser pulse, the timescales and contribution from heating and helicity effects in HD-AOS were identified with a Pt/Co/Pt triple-layer. When the LP laser pulses preheat the sample to a nearly fully demag-netized state, the CP laser pulses with a power reduced by 80% switch the sample's magnetization. By varying the time delay between the two pump pulses, the results show that the helicity effect, which gives rise to the deterministic helicity-induced switching, arises almost instantly within 200 fs close to the pulse width upon laser excitation. The results reveal that the transient magnetization state upon which CP laser pulses impinge is the key factor for achieving HD-AOS, and importantly, the tunability between heating and helicity effects with the unique dual-pump laser excitation approach will enable HD-AOS in a wide range of magnetic material systems having wide-ranging implications for potential ultrafast spintronics applications

An Updated Search of Steady TeV γ−\gamma-Ray Point Sources in Northern Hemisphere Using the Tibet Air Shower Array

Using the data taken from Tibet II High Density (HD) Array (1997 February-1999 September) and Tibet-III array (1999 November-2005 November), our previous northern sky survey for TeV $\gamma-$ray point sources has now been updated by a factor of 2.8 improved statistics. From $0.0^{\circ}$ to $60.0^{\circ}$ in declination (Dec) range, no new TeV $\gamma-$ray point sources with sufficiently high significance were identified while the well-known Crab Nebula and Mrk421 remain to be the brightest TeV $\gamma-$ray sources within the field of view of the Tibet air shower array. Based on the currently available data and at the 90% confidence level (C.L.), the flux upper limits for different power law index assumption are re-derived, which are approximately improved by 1.7 times as compared with our previous reported limits.Comment: This paper has been accepted by hepn

Timescales and contribution of heating and helicity effect in helicity-dependent all-optical switching

The heating and helicity effects induced by circularly polarized laser excitation are entangled in the helicity-dependent all-optical switching (HD-AOS), which hinders understanding the magnetization dynamics involved. Here, applying a dual-pump laser excitation, first with a linearly polarized (LP) laser pulse followed by a circularly polarized (CP) laser pulse, the timescales and contribution from heating and helicity effects in HD-AOS were identified with a Pt/Co/Pt triple-layer. When the LP laser pulses preheat the sample to a nearly fully demagnetized state, the CP laser pulses with a power reduced by 80% switch the sample’s magnetization. By varying the time delay between the two pump pulses, the results show that the helicity effect, which gives rise to the deterministic helicity-induced switching, arises almost instantly within 200 fs close to the pulse width upon laser excitation. The results reveal that the transient magnetization state upon which CP laser pulses impinge is the key factor for achieving HD-AOS, and importantly, the tunability between heating and helicity effects with the unique dual-pump laser excitation approach will enable HD-AOS in a wide range of magnetic material systems having wide-ranging implications for potential ultrafast spintronics applications. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]