3,964 research outputs found
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Evaluation of Disinfection Byproduct Speciation Models Based on Biodegradation and Chemical Decomposition
The USEPA has regulated both chlorinated and brominated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) since Stage 2 D/DBP Rule. Among regulated species, all four chlorinated and brominated THMs are regulated as total TTHMs (TTHM). But of the nine HAAs, only the sum of five (HAA5) are regulated, with no detail on individual species. This leaves four unregulated HAAs of which all contain bromine. With more attention on the brominated haloacetic acids due to their higher toxicity, the focus on the formation of those unregulated brominated species is elevated. The objective of this study is to assess national occurrence of all brominated HAAs, together with the study of bromine incorporation which is used as an evaluation of relatively degree of bromination. In this research, both temperature and raw water bromine concentration are taken into consideration. Due to the fact that monitoring of bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA) is not widely done, bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA) was chosen to assess the HAA bromine incorporation. Statistical technologies were applied in the study to screen out unusable data. The result shows a strong relationship between seasons and disinfection byproduct (DBP) concentrations. Air temperature is also tested as a parameter of DBP formation. Selected HAA species biodegradation is also confirmed as an important role in DBP occurrence
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The Fantasy and Symbolism of Religious Poetry?A Case Study of The Waste Land, Paradise Lost and Prometheus Unbound
Arbitrarily Large Continuous-Variable Cluster States from a Single Quantum Nondemolition Gate
We present a compact experimental design for producing an arbitrarily large
optical continuous-variable cluster state using just one single-mode vacuum
squeezer and one quantum nondemolition gate. Generating the cluster state and
computing with it happen simultaneously: more entangled modes become available
as previous modes are measured, thereby making finite the requirements for
coherence and stability even as the computation length increases indefinitely.Comment: (v2) 5 pages, 4 color figures, added brief mention of fault
tolerance, version accepted for publication (note: actual published version
is edited slightly for space); (v1) 4 pages, 4 color figure
A note on singular nonlinear boundary value problems
AbstractIn this paper we study the existence and multiplicity of solutions of the following operator equation in Banach space E: u=λAu,0<λ<+∞,u∈P⧹{θ}, where λ is a parameter and P a cone of Banach space E. Under certain conditions on the operator A we find λ∗ such that the operator equation has at least two solutions for 0<λ<λ∗, at least one solution for λ=λ∗ and no solutions for λ>λ∗. As an application, we investigate the existence and multiplicity of positive solutions of a singular second order boundary value problem. In addition, we briefly outline an application of our results which simplifies a previous theorem that appeared in the literature
Health Insurance Reform and Efficiency of Township Hospitals in Rural China: An Analysis from Survey Data
In the rural health-care organization of China, township hospitals ensure the delivery of basic medical services. Particularly damaged by the economic reforms implemented from 1975 to the end of the 1990s, township hospitals efficiency is questioned, mainly with the implementation since 2003 of the reform of health insurance in rural areas. From a database of 24 randomly selected township hospitals observed over the period 2000-2008 in Weifang prefecture (Shandong), the study examines the efficiency of township hospitals through a two-stage approach. As curative and preventive medical services delivered at township hospital level use different production processes, two data envelopment analysis models are estimated with different orientation chosen to compute scores. Results show that technical efficiency declines over time. Factors explaining the technical efficiency are mainly environmental characteristics rather than internal factors, but our results suggest also that in the context of China, the efficiency of township hospitals is influenced by unobservable factors.China, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme, Technical efficiency, data envelopment analysis, Township Hospitals.
The Impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on Activities and Financing of Township Hospitals in Weifang, China
Since 2003, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme, a community-based health insurance, is gradually implemented in China, in order to increase the access of the poor to healthcare services, reduce out-of-pocket expenditures and avoid catastrophic health expenditures. The paper estimates the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on a sample of 24 randomly selected township hospitals of Weifang prefecture (Shandong province, China), using a generalized form of differences-in-differences model on longitudinal data over the period 2000-2008. Estimations highlight three main results. First, the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme has a positive impact on the utilization of township hospitals, mainly on inpatient services, but none effect on their financial structure. In addition, the positive impact on the volume of discharged patients is higher in poor areas rather than the non-poor, reflecting a decrease of the burden of hospitalization costs. Lastly, the marginal impact of the reform is decreasing over time.China, New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme, Impact analysis, Township Hospitals.
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