Unified Universal Quantum Cloning Machine and Fidelities

We present a unified universal quantum cloning machine, which combines several different existing universal cloning machines together including the asymmetric case. In this unified framework, the identical pure states are projected equally into each copy initially constituted by input and one half of the maximally entangled states. We show explicitly that the output states of those universal cloning machines are the same. One importance of this unified cloning machine is that the cloning procession is always the symmetric projection which reduces dramatically the difficulties for implementation. Also it is found that this unified cloning machine can be directly modified to the general asymmetric case. Besides the global fidelity and the single-copy fidelity, we also present all possible arbitrary-copy fidelities.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

Total Nuclear Reaction Cross Section Induced by Halo Nuclei and Stable Nuclei

We develop the method for the calculation of the total reaction cross sections induced by the halo nuclei and stable nuclei. This approach is based on the Glauber theory, which is valid for nuclear reactions at high energy. It is extended for nuclear reactions at low energy and intermediate energy by including both the quantum correction and Coulomb correction under the assumption of the effective nuclear density distribution. The calculated results of the total reaction cross section induced by stable nuclei agree well with the 30 experimental data within 10 percent accuracy.The comparison between the numerical results and the 20 experimental data for the total nuclear reaction cross section induced by the neutron halo nuclei and the proton halo nuclei indicates a satisfactory agreement after considering the halo structure of these nuclei, which implies the quite different mean fields for the nuclear reactions induced by halo nuclei and stable nuclei. The halo nucleon distributions and the root mean square radii of these nuclei can be extracted from above comparison based on the improved Glauber model, which indicate clearly the halo structures of these nuclei. Especially, it is clear to see that the medium correction of the nucleon-nucleon collision has little effect on the total reaction cross sections induced by the halo nuclei due to the very weak binding and the very extended density distribution.Comment: 15 pages,2 figures. Communucations in Theoretical Physics, (2003) in pres

Diclofenac transdermal patch versus the sustained release tablet: A randomized clinical trial in rheumatoid arthritic patients

Purpose: To prepare and characterize transdermal films of diclofenac diethanolamine as a safer and more effective alternative than the sustained release (SR) tablet equivalent for prolonged relief from pain and inflammation in arthritis.Methods: Transdermal films of diclofenac were prepared using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30, with turpentine oil and sesame oil as penetration enhancers. The films were characterized for  physicochemical properties and for ex vivo permeation in a randomized clinical trial(RCT) for analgesic activities in arthritic patients.Results: The transdermal films were uniform in weight and thickness, flat, with high drug content (94.40 ± 1.04 to 98.62 ± 1.08 %) and with high folding endurance (149 ± 9.09 to 192 ± 10.12). Drug permeation through excised rat abdominal skin was prolonged. Films containing penetration enhancers showed higher ex vivo drug permeation than those without the enhancer; furthermore, drug permeation increased with increase in the concentration of enhancer. The films were  non-irritating to the skin. In RCT, F3 (containing turpentine oil, 1 %v/w) decreased the pain score from 9.87 ± 1.14 to 4.94 ± 0.78 units, compared with the SR tablet (once daily) which decreased pain from 9.59 ± 0.42 to 6.49 ± 1.20 units, 48 h post-administration. Turpentine oil showed better permeation enhancement than sesame oil in the transdermal films.Conclusion: Transdermal films of diclofenac, formulated with permeation enhancers, may have greater therapeutic advantages over conventional oral tablets in terms of prolonged release and improvement of patient compliance in rheumatoid arthritis.Keywords: Analgesic activity, Diclofenac, Permeation enhancer, Rheumatoid arthritis, Transdermal film