Differentially expressed genes involved in starch metabolism (A) and photosynthesis (B).

<p>Colored squares indicate up- or down-regulated genes with log₂ fold change (FC) ≥ 1.00 or ≤ -1.00.</p

Comparative PageMan display of perturbed pathways in <i>C</i>Las-affected <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> and <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>.

<p>The log₂ fold change of gene expression (mock-inoculated controls versus CLas-inoculated plants) was input into PageMan and subjected to a Wilcoxon test. Results were shown as a false-color heat-map-like display. Significantly up-regulated pathways are colored in red, while those colored in green are significantly down-regulated. Pathways without significant changes are white. Names of pathways are indicated on the right panel. CH, CH-M-VS-CH-HLB; CS, CS-M-VS-CS-HLB.</p

Statistic of differentially expressd genes (DEGs) of different citrus cultivars in response to <i>C</i>Las.

<p>CH, <i>Citrus hystrix</i>; CS, <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>; M, Mock/healthy; HLB, Huanglongbing; CH-M-VS-CH-HLB, DEGs in HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> compared with healthy control; CS-M-VS-CS-HLB, DEGs in HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i> compared with healthy control; CS-M-VS-CH-M, DEGs between healthy <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> and healthy <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>; CS-HLB-VS-CH-HLB, DEGs between HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> and HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>.</p

Comparative transcriptome analysis unveils the tolerance mechanisms of <i>Citrus hystrix</i> in response to ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ infection

<div><p>Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), a highly devastating citrus disease, is associated with ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiacitus’ (<i>C</i>Las), a member of phloem-inhabiting <i>α-proteobacteria</i>. HLB can affect all cultivated citrus and no cure is currently available. Previous studies showed that Kaffir lime (<i>Citrus hystrix</i>), primarily grown in South Asia and Southeast Asia, was tolerant to HLB but the molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, gene expression profiling experiments were performed on HLB-tolerant <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> and HLB-susceptible <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i> three months after inoculation with <i>C</i>Las using RNA-seq data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the two citrus cultivars were mainly involved in diverse cellular functions including carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, cell wall metabolism, secondary metabolism, hormone metabolism and oxidation/reduction processes. Notably, starch synthesis and photosynthesis process were not disturbed in <i>C</i>Las-infected <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i>. Most of the DEGs involved in cell wall metabolism and secondary metabolism were up-regulated in <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i>. In addition, the activation of peroxidases, Cu/Zn-SOD and POD4, may also enhance the tolerance of <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> to <i>C</i>Las. This study provides an insight into the host response of HLB-tolerant citrus cultivar to <i>C</i>Las. <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> is potentially useful for HLB-tolerant/resistant citrus breeding in the future.</p></div

MapMan analysis of differentially expressed genes in <i>C</i>Las-affected <i>Citrus hystrix</i> (A) and <i>C</i>Las-affected <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i> (B) involved in stress responses.

<p>Red squares represent genes those were significantly up-regulated; green squares represent genes those were significantly down-regulated.</p

RT-qPCR and RNA-seq profiles of 16 selected differentially expressed genes (DEGs).

<p>A. DEGs between healthy and HLB-infected <i>Citrus sinensis</i>; B, DEGs between healthy and HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i>; C, DEGs between HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>hystrix</i> and HLB-infected <i>C</i>. <i>sinensis</i>. glgA, starch synthase; TPP, trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase; LHCb1, light-harvesting complex II chlorophyll a/b binding protein 1; PAL, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase-like; 2OG-Fe(II), 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) and Fe(II)-dependent oxygenase; CESA, cellulose synthase A; XTH23, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein 23; PHT, phosphate transporter; ZIP2, zinc transporter 2; EREBP, ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF017; SODC, superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]; LRR-1, LRR receptor-like serine/threonine-protein kinase; LRR-2, LRR-like serine/threonine-protein kinase BAM2; RGA3, disease resistance protein RGA3, NB-ARC class; EDS1 (enhanced disease susceptibility 1 protein); MIR, miraculin.</p

Gene ontology classification of differentially expressed genes in different citrus hosts in response to ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’.

<p>BP, Biological Process; CC, Cell Component; MF, Molecular Function.</p

Additional file 1 of Reproducibility and usefulness of quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient measurements for predicting program death-ligand 1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Supplementary Material

Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Architecture of the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i>/RGO Ternary Composite Aerogel for Enhanced Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

Tunable and high-efficiency electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption materials composed of a three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical reduced graphene oxide (RGO) aerogel network entrapped with TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> hybrids were fabricated by a hydrothermal method and a mild chemical reduction treatment. The incorporation of the TiO₂/Ti₃C₂T_<i>x</i> micronanoheterostructure and construction of the 3D well-designed hierarchical interconnected network can significantly reduce the agglomeration of RGO sheets together with the beneficial effect of a better impedance match. When the filler loading is 10 wt %, the maximum reflection loss of the composite aerogel reaches up to −65.3 dB with a matching thickness of 2.5 mm. Meanwhile, the effective absorption bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) is 4.3 GHz with the coating thickness of only 2.0 mm, and the tunable absorption bandwidth achieves at 13.74 GHz via modulating the absorber thicknesses in a range from 1.5 to 5.0 mm. The enhanced EMW absorbing performance is closely related to highly porous conductive networks, better impedance match, multiple reflection, and scattering and defective polarization properties. Consequently, these results indicate a promising route to fabricate a lightweight, thin thickness, highly efficient, and broadband EMW absorber, which can facilite the control and purification of the EM environment and realize the sustainable utilization of EMW