Improved Photoinduced Fluorogenic Alkene–Tetrazole Reaction for Protein Labeling

The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between an alkene and a tetrazole represents one elegant and rare example of fluorophore-forming bioorthogonal chemistry. This is an attractive reaction for imaging applications in live cells that requires less intensive washing steps and/or needs spatiotemporal resolutions. In the present work, as an effort to improve the fluorogenic property of the alkene–tetrazole reaction, an aromatic alkene (styrene) was investigated as the dipolarophile. Over 30-fold improvement in quantum yield of the reaction product was achieved in aqueous solution. According to our mechanistic studies, the observed improvement is likely due to an insufficient protonation of the styrene–tetrazole reaction product. This finding provides useful guidance to the future design of alkene–tetrazole reactions for biological studies. Fluorogenic protein labeling using the styrene–tetrazole reaction was demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. This was realized by the genetic incorporation of an unnatural amino acid containing the styrene moiety. It is anticipated that the combination of styrene with different tetrazole derivatives can generally improve and broaden the application of alkene–tetrazole chemistry in real-time imaging in live cells

Image_8_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.JPEG

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Table_2_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.DOCX

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Image_9_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.JPEG

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Image_7_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.JPEG

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Image_4_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.JPEG

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Table_1_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.DOCX

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Image_6_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.JPEG

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Table_3_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.DOCX

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p

Image_1_Global burden of non-communicable chronic diseases associated with a diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.JPEG

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to assess the global burden of disease from non-communicable chronic diseases (NCD) due to diet low in fruits from 1990 to 2019.MethodsBased on data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019, the global burden of disease due to diet low in fruits was analyzed for each country or region, disaggregated by disease type, age, sex, and year. The number of deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), population attributable fraction (PAF), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDR) were calculated, and the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to describe trends in ASMR and ASDR from 1990 to 2019.ResultsFrom 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits increased by 31.5 and 27.4%, respectively. Among the tertiary diseases, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and diabetes and kidney disease were the top three contributors to the global increase in deaths and DALYs. However, both ASMR and ASDR showed a decreasing trend. The fastest decline in ASMR and ASDR was in stroke, with AAPC of −2.13 (95% CI: −2.22, −2.05, p ConclusionThe number of deaths and DALYs due to diet low in fruits continues to increase. Therefore, early nutritional interventions should be implemented by the relevant authorities to reduce the burden of diseases caused by diet low in fruits.</p