Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Essential Oil of Jasminum officinale L var Grandiflorum Flower

Purpose: To analyze the essential oil composition of the flower of Jasminum officinale L. var. grandifloroum L. (Jasminum grandiflorum) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods: The optimum GC-MS conditions used for the analysis were 250 oC inlet temperature, 150 oC MSD detector temperature, and GC oven temperature program as follows: 100 oC initial temperature, increased to 270 oC at 4 oC/min, final temperature 270 oC and held for 7.5 min.Results: Thirty compounds were identified, representing 99.28 % of the oil content. The major volatile components of the flower were 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol（phytol） (25.77 %), 3,7,11- trimethyldodeca -1,6,10-trien-3-ol (12.54 %) and 3,7,11,15- tetramethyl -1-Hexadecen-3-ol (12.42 %).Conclusion: The results show that phytol is the major volatile component of Jasminum grandiflorum.Keywords: Jasminum grandiflorum, Essential oil, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometr

Study on the influence of temperature on the surface asperity in micro cross wedge rolling

When the common deformation processes are scaled down to micro/meso dimensions, size effect is the particular phenomena in microforming, which is related to the dominant influence of single grains inside the micropart. The conventional cross wedge rolling (CWR) is introduced into the micro scale in order to take the advantages of CWR. The micro cross wedge rolling (MCWR) has to confront with the phenomena of size effect that occurs in the common microforming processes inevitably. One of the approaches to compensate size effect is to increase the deforming temperature. An increased formability is achieved because more slip systems of polycrystal metal are activated at the elevated temperature. This reduces the anisotropic material behavior resulting in a more homogeneous forming with improved reproducibility. In this study, a YAG laser beam is applied to heat the workpiece. Finite element model (FEM) associated with a material constitutive formulation considering dislocation mechanics is set up to simulate the MCWR of pure copper utilizing the laser heating. The surface asperity as an indication of material heterogeneity in micro scale is quantitatively analysed. The simulation results show a good agreement with experimental results in terms of the surface asperity. © 2013 AIP Publishing LLC

Linkage and mapping analyses of the no glue egg gene Ng in the silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers

In the silkworm, Bombyx mori, no glue egg is mainly controlled by Ng (No glue) gene, which is located on the 12th chromosome. Owning to a lack of crossing over in females, reciprocal backcrossed F1 (BC1) progenies were used for linkage analysis and mapping of the Ng gene based on the simple sequence repeats (SSR) linkage map using silkworm strains H9 and P50, which are Ng mutant and normal to egg, respectively. The Ng gene was found to be linked to three SSR markers. Using a reciprocal BC1M cross, we constructed a linkage map of 36.4 cM, with Ng mapped at 15.9 cM and the nearest SSR marker at a distance of 7.4 cM. Based on fine genome map of domesticated silkworm (B. mori), the result of Kaikoblast show that the physical distance between the near markers (containing Ng gene) is 181.7 Kb. Further analysis show that BGIBMGA005833, BGIBMGA005835 and BGIBMGA005836 are closer to Ng, and the BGIBMGA005835 is nearest to Ng, which physical distance is 44 Kb.Key words: Gene location, linkage analysis, microsatellite, Ng, silkworm

Cervical lymph node metastatic patterns of squamous carcinomas in the upper aerodigestive tract

The radical neck dissection specimens of 384 ethnically Chinese patients with different primary squamous carcinomas in the head and neck region were studied. Over 50 per cent of the specimens showed metastatic disease at one level in the neck. For oral cavity carcinoma, the levels of metastasis frequently involved were I, II and III while for carcinoma of the oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, the levels were II, III and IV. Extracapsular spread was present in 112/384 of patients (29 per cent) and this increased with advancing N-stages. Based on these findings, different selective neck dissections could be used for patients harbouring different primary head and neck carcinomas with limited neck disease.published_or_final_versio

Adaptive growth of Tamarix taklamakanensis root systems in response to wind action

Root distribution and characteristics were investigated on a 70-year-old Tamarix taklamakanensis individual through uprooting. Rooting depth was restricted by water table, and root morphology adapted to resist the wind movement associated with shallow rooting. Root systems had more structural root mass and length on the leeward side than the windward side of the tree relative to the prevailing wind direction. Additional resistance to wind bending can occur as a result of increased thickening of the lower stem along the axis of the prevailing wind direction, and in T taklamakanensis, this thickening is greater on the lee side of the stem. We conclude that increased root distribution and thickening of the lower stem on the leeward are an important strategy for T taklamakanensis in response to wind action in the hinterland of Taklimakan Desert

Responses of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Richardson) exposed to dietary cyanobacteria and subsequent recovery

A 120-day toxicity experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cyanobacteria on the growth and liver histopathology of yellow catfish, and subsequent recovery when the fish were free of cyanobacteria. Three experimental diets were formulated: the control (cyanobacteria-free diet), low-cyanobacteria diet (LCD, 32.3 mu g microsystins/g) and high-cyanobacteria diet (HCD, 71.96 mu g microsystins/g). Each diet was fed to fish for 60 days and then all fish were free of cyanobacteria for a further 60 days. The results showed that a significant decrease in the specific growth rate (SGR) was observed in both fish fed with the LCD and HCD after a 1st 30-day exposure period, however, no significant difference in the SGR between the LCD and control groups was observed after a 2nd 30-day exposure period. At the end of the 60 days exposure, all examined liver tissues in both doses exhibited what appeared as dose-dependent histopathological modifications. After a 60-day recovery, there were no significant differences in the SGR among groups, while no obvious histopathological alteration was observed in livers of fish previously fed with the LCD. The results indicate that the LCD-treated fish have a full recovery after a 60-day recovery, but the HCD-treated fish did not. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.A 120-day toxicity experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary cyanobacteria on the growth and liver histopathology of yellow catfish, and subsequent recovery when the fish were free of cyanobacteria. Three experimental diets were formulated: the control (cyanobacteria-free diet), low-cyanobacteria diet (LCD, 32.3 mu g microsystins/g) and high-cyanobacteria diet (HCD, 71.96 mu g microsystins/g). Each diet was fed to fish for 60 days and then all fish were free of cyanobacteria for a further 60 days

The degradation of p53 and its major E3 ligase Mdm2 is differentially dependent on the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor S5a.

p53 and its major E3 ligase Mdm2 are both ubiquitinated and targeted to the proteasome for degradation. Despite the importance of this in regulating the p53 pathway, little is known about the mechanisms of proteasomal recognition of ubiquitinated p53 and Mdm2. In this study, we show that knockdown of the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor S5a/PSMD4/Rpn10 inhibits p53 protein degradation and results in the accumulation of ubiquitinated p53. Overexpression of a dominant-negative deletion of S5a lacking its ubiquitin-interacting motifs (UIM)s, but which can be incorporated into the proteasome, also causes the stabilization of p53. Furthermore, small-interferring RNA (siRNA) rescue experiments confirm that the UIMs of S5a are required for the maintenance of low p53 levels. These observations indicate that S5a participates in the recognition of ubiquitinated p53 by the proteasome. In contrast, targeting S5a has no effect on the rate of degradation of Mdm2, indicating that proteasomal recognition of Mdm2 can be mediated by an S5a-independent pathway. S5a knockdown results in an increase in the transcriptional activity of p53. The selective stabilization of p53 and not Mdm2 provides a mechanism for p53 activation. Depletion of S5a causes a p53-dependent decrease in cell proliferation, demonstrating that p53 can have a dominant role in the response to targeting S5a. This study provides evidence for alternative pathways of proteasomal recognition of p53 and Mdm2. Differences in recognition by the proteasome could provide a means to modulate the relative stability of p53 and Mdm2 in response to cellular signals. In addition, they could be exploited for p53-activating therapies. This work shows that the degradation of proteins by the proteasome can be selectively dependent on S5a in human cells, and that this selectivity can extend to an E3 ubiquitin ligase and its substrate

Identification of Potential Sites for Tryptophan Oxidation in Recombinant Antibodies Using tert-Butylhydroperoxide and Quantitative LC-MS

Amino acid oxidation is known to affect the structure, activity, and rate of degradation of proteins. Methionine oxidation is one of the several chemical degradation pathways for recombinant antibodies. In this study, we have identified for the first time a solvent accessible tryptophan residue (Trp-32) in the complementary-determining region (CDR) of a recombinant IgG1 antibody susceptible to oxidation under real-time storage and elevated temperature conditions. The degree of light chain Trp-32 oxidation was found to be higher than the oxidation level of the conserved heavy chain Met-429 and the heavy chain Met-107 of the recombinant IgG1 antibody HER2, which have already been identified as being solvent accessible and sensitive to chemical oxidation. In order to reduce the time for simultaneous identification and functional evaluation of potential methionine and tryptophan oxidation sites, a test system employing tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) and quantitative LC-MS was developed. The optimized oxidizing conditions allowed us to specifically oxidize the solvent accessible methionine and tryptophan residues that displayed significant oxidation in the real-time stability and elevated temperature study. The achieved degree of tryptophan oxidation was adequate to identify the functional consequence of the tryptophan oxidation by binding studies. In summary, the here presented approach of employing TBHP as oxidizing reagent combined with quantitative LC-MS and binding studies greatly facilitates the efficient identification and functional evaluation of methionine and tryptophan oxidation sites in the CDR of recombinant antibodies