224 research outputs found

    Enhanced anti-HCV activity of interferon alpha 17 subtype

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pegylated interferon alpha 2 (a or b) plus ribavirin is the most effective treatment of chronic hepatitis C but a large proportion of patients do not respond to therapy. So, it is interesting to improve the treatment efficacy. Interferon alpha is a type I interferon composed of 12 different subtypes. Each subtype signals by the Jak-Stat pathway but modulations in the antiviral activity was previously described.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using the hepatitis C virus (HCV) culture system, we have tested the anti-HCV activity of each interferon alpha subtypes. We have analyzed the effect of each subtype on the HCV multiplication and the cell-signaling pathway for some subtypes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were divergent effects of IFN alpha subtypes against HCV. We have found that IFN alpha 17 was three times more efficient than IFN alpha 2a on HCV. This efficiency was related to a stronger stimulation of the Jak-Stat pathway.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>We suggest that IFN α17 should be tested therapeutically with a view to improving treatment efficacy.</p

    A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies

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    BACKGROUND/AIM: The role of humoral immunity in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is poorly understood. Nevertheless, there is increasing interest in characterizing the neutralizing antibodies in the serum of HCV-infected patients. Focus reduction assays have been widely used to evaluate neutralizing antibody responses against a range of non-cytopathic viruses. Based on the recent development of a HCV cell culture system using the genotype 2 JFH-1-strain, we developed a focus reduction assay for HCV-neutralizing antibodies. METHODS: The focus reduction assay was based on a standard microneutralization assay in which immunostained foci on tissue culture plates are counted. The neutralizing anti-HCV antibodies titers of purified serum immunoglobulin samples from seventy-seven individuals were determined using a 50% focus reduction neutralization assay. Each titer was determined as the log value of the reciprocal antibody dilution that reduced the number of viral foci by 50%. IgG antibodies were first purified from each serum in order to avoid the facilitating effect of HDL on HCV entry. RESULTS: The assay's cut-off using an ELISA and RNA HCV-negative samples was found to be 1.25 log, corresponding to a dilution of 1:18. The assay was compared with a commercial HCV ELISA and exhibited specificity and sensitivity values of 100% and 96.5%, respectively, and good reproducibility (with intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation of 6.7% and 12.6%, respectively). The assay did not show any cross-reactivity with anti-HIV, anti-HBs or heterophile antibody-positive samples. The neutralizing antibodies titers were 2.13 log (1:134) for homologous samples from HCV genotype 2 infected patients harboring the same genotype as JFH-1 and 1.93 log (1:85) for heterologous samples from patients infected by genotypes other than type 2. These results confirm the presence of broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies already reported using the HCV pseudoparticles system. CONCLUSION: This study presents a simple, specific and reproducible cell culture-based assay for determination of HCV-neutralizing antibodies in human sera. The assay should be an important tool for gauging the relationship between the neutralizing antibodies response and viral load kinetics in acutely or chronically infected patients and for investigating the possible eradication or prevention of HCV infection by neutralizing antibodies

    The association of CD81 with tetraspanin-enriched microdomains is not essential for Hepatitis C virus entry

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Three percent of the world's population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and thus at risk of developing liver cancer. Although precise mechanisms regulating HCV entry into hepatic cells are still unknown, several cell surface proteins have been identified as entry factors for this virus. Among these molecules, the tetraspanin CD81 is essential for HCV entry. Interestingly, CD81 is also required for <it>Plasmodium </it>infection. A major characteristic of tetraspanins is their ability to interact with each other and other transmembrane proteins to build tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEM).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In our study, we describe a human hepatoma Huh-7 cell clone (Huh-7w7) which has lost CD81 expression and can be infected by HCV when human CD81 (hCD81) or mouse CD81 (mCD81) is ectopically expressed. We took advantage of these permissive cells expressing mCD81 and the previously described MT81/MT81w mAbs to analyze the role of TEM-associated CD81 in HCV infection. Importantly, MT81w antibody, which only recognizes TEM-associated mCD81, did not strongly affect HCV infection. Furthermore, cholesterol depletion, which inhibits HCV infection and reduces total cell surface expression of CD81, did not affect TEM-associated CD81 levels. In addition, sphingomyelinase treatment, which also reduces HCV infection and cell surface expression of total CD81, raised TEM-associated CD81 levels.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>In contrast to <it>Plasmodium </it>infection, our data show that association of CD81 with TEM is not essential for the early steps of HCV life cycle, indicating that these two pathogens, while using the same molecules, invade their host by different mechanisms.</p

    A functional selection of viral genetic elements in cultured cells to identify hepatitis C virus RNA translation inhibitors†

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    We developed a functional selection system based on randomized genetic elements (GE) to identify potential regulators of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA translation, a process initiated by an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). A retroviral HCV GE library was introduced into HepG2 cells, stably expressing the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) under the control of the HCV IRES. Cells that expressed transduced GEs inhibiting HSV-TK were selected via their resistance to ganciclovir. Six major GEs were rescued by PCR on the selected cell DNA and identified as HCV elements. We validated our strategy by further studying the activity of one of them, GE4, encoding the 5â€Č end of the viral NS5A gene. GE4 inhibited HCV IRES-, but not cap-dependent, reporter translation in human hepatic cell lines and inhibited HCV infection at a post-entry step, decreasing by 85% the number of viral RNA copies. This method can be applied to the identification of gene expression regulators

    The CD81 Partner EWI-2wint Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus Entry

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    Two to three percent of the world's population is chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and thus at risk of developing liver cancer. Although precise mechanisms regulating HCV entry into hepatic cells are still unknown, several cell surface proteins have been identified as entry factors for this virus. Among these molecules, the tetraspanin CD81 is essential for HCV entry. Here, we have identified a partner of CD81, EWI-2wint, which is expressed in several cell lines but not in hepatocytes. Ectopic expression of EWI-2wint in a hepatoma cell line susceptible to HCV infection blocked viral entry by inhibiting the interaction between the HCV envelope glycoproteins and CD81. This finding suggests that, in addition to the presence of specific entry factors in the hepatocytes, the lack of a specific inhibitor can contribute to the hepatotropism of HCV. This is the first example of a pathogen gaining entry into host cells that lack a specific inhibitory factor

    Enzymatic dynamics and control of starch branches formation and distribution

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    Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, deux gĂšnes codent des enzymes de branchement (BE) BE2.2 et BE2.1 responsables de la formation des liaisons α-1,6 de l’amidon transitoire synthĂ©tisĂ© dans la feuille de la plante. Ces enzymes, appartenant Ă  la famille GH13_8 de la classification CAZy, agissent en clivant une liaison α-1,4 d’un glucane puis en transfĂ©rant la chaĂźne clivĂ©e en position α-1,6 selon un mĂ©canisme d’action qui peut ĂȘtre intra ou intermolĂ©culaire. Dans ce travail, une caractĂ©risation enzymatique et structurale des BEs d’A. thaliana (classĂ©es de type II d’aprĂšs leur sĂ©quence en acides aminĂ©s) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e et les rĂ©sultats comparĂ©s Ă  ceux de la BE d’E. coli (GlgB, enzyme de type I).L'Ă©tat oligomĂ©rique, la forme en solution et l’organisation structurale des BEs ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s par une approche SAXS. Par des analyses spectrophotomĂ©triques, le pH, la tempĂ©rature, mais aussi le KM pour l’amylose et l’amylopectine ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©s. Une analyse sur gel de polyacrylamide, en conditions natives, a permis d’évaluer le comportement Ă©lectrophorĂ©tique des BEs en prĂ©sence ou en absence de ces substrats et d’en dĂ©terminer leur constante d’affinitĂ© (Ks). Notre Ă©tude rĂ©vĂšle que les BEs d’ A. thaliana ont plus d'affinitĂ© pour l’amylopectine que pour l’amylose contrairement Ă  GlgB. En prĂ©sence d’un substrat branchĂ©, des changements d’oligomĂ©rie et/ou de la conformation des BEs d’A. thaliana ont Ă©tĂ© observĂ©s. Finalement, des analyses en chromatographie Ă©changeuse d'anions ont permis de dĂ©terminer la taille minimale du substrat nĂ©cessaire Ă  l’activitĂ© des BEs et la taille des chaĂźnes transfĂ©rĂ©es. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus pointent vers un mĂ©canisme d’action intramolĂ©culaire de BE2.2.BE2.2 and BE2.1 are the two genetically independent branching enzymes (BE) isoforms involved in transitory starch synthesis in A. thaliana and belong to family GH13_8 (according to CAZy database). Both are classified as type II BE due to their amino acid sequence. In Arabidopsis leaves, they are the only enzymes that catalyze the formation of α-1,6 branch points by cleaving α-1,4 linkages and transferring the newly formed reducing end in α-1,6 position through an intra or intermolecular mechanism. In this work, we report in vitro enzymatic characterization and structural analysis of A. thaliana BEs, these results were compared to E. coli BE enzymatic analysis (GlgB, type I enzyme).Structural analysis using SAXS approach was used to evaluate A. thaliana BEs oligomeric state, shape in solution and to determine BE organization. In vitro enzymatic analyses were performed using spectrophotometry assays to establish their catalytic parameters such as pH, temperature and also KM for amylose and amylopectin. Native PAGE analyses were also used to assess BEs behaviour in the presence or absence of substrates and to determine their affinity constant (Ks) for amylopectin and amylose. Enzymatic characterization reveals that both A. thaliana BEs have more affinity for amylopectin than for amylose, contrary to GlgB. Moreover, interaction of A. thaliana BEs with branched substrates induces protein oligomerization and/or conformational changes. Finally, determination of the minimal length of their substrate and characterization of reaction products were performed using anions exchange chromatography analyses.Taken together, our data point to an intramolecular mechanism of action of BE2.2

    Etude de la multiplication de la souche JFH-1 du virus de l'hépatite C (VHC) en cellules Huh-7 (adaptation et sélection de mutations permettant une production rapide et massive du VHC, localisation subcellulaire de protéines du VHC, mise en évidence de clones cellulaires résistants à l'infection par le VHC)

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    Notre Ă©tude sur le virus de l'hĂ©patite C (VHC) de gĂ©notype 2a a initialement Ă©tĂ© entreprise pour pallier le problĂšme liĂ© Ă  la production virale du VHC. Ayant obtenu des titres comparables Ă  ceux publiĂ©s, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  dĂ©velopper une approche expĂ©rimentale nous permettant de les amĂ©liorer. Pour cela, nous avons effectuĂ© des infections successives de cellules Huh-7 naĂŻves. Nous avons montrĂ©, dans un premier temps, qu'il Ă©tait possible d'obtenir des cellules Huh-7 chroniquement infectĂ©es pendant plusieurs mois. La localisation subcellulaire des protĂ©ines structurales, telles que la protĂ©ine de la capside et les glycoprotĂ©ines E1 et E2, ou de la protĂ©ine non structurale NS3 a alors Ă©tĂ© rĂ©examinĂ©e dans le contexte d'un cycle infectieux du VHC. L'analyse de la localisation subcellulaire des protĂ©ines structurales du VHC, en immunofluorescence en microscopie confocale, a confirmĂ© que les glycoprotĂ©ines E1 et E2 sont maintenues dans le rĂ©ticulum endoplasmique des cellules infectĂ©es. Cependant, et contrairement Ă  d'autres Ă©tudes, ces glycoprotĂ©ines ne s'accumulent pas dans les autres compartiments intracellulaires ou Ă  la surface cellulaire. L'association entre la protĂ©ine de la capside et les gouttelettes lipidiques a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© confirmĂ©e. Cependant, contrairement Ă  certaines Ă©tudes prĂ©cĂ©dentes, la protĂ©ine C n'a pas Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©e dans le noyau de la cellule ou en association avec des mitochondries. De façon surprenante, nous n'avons pas observĂ© de colocalisation entre les hĂ©tĂ©rodimĂšres E1E2 et la protĂ©ine C en cellules infectĂ©es. Par ailleurs, nous avons observĂ© une colocalisation partielle entre la protĂ©ine de la capside et la protĂ©ine NS3, et lorsque les gouttelettes lipidiques sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es la protĂ©ine NS3 se retrouve autour de ces gouttelettes. Ainsi, la localisation subcellulaire des protĂ©ines structurales du VHC a pu ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©e pour la premiĂšre fois dans le contexte d'un cycle infectieux. Dans un second temps, nous avons cherchĂ© Ă  dĂ©finir si des changements dans le gĂ©nome viral du clone JFH-1 pouvaient expliquer l'augmentation des titres infectieux que nous avions obtenu au cours des infections successives des cellules Huh-7. Le sĂ©quençage de l'ARN du VHC nous a permis de dĂ©terminer qu'une mutation majeure, N534K, Ă©tait apparue dans la sĂ©quence codant la glycoprotĂ©ine E2 du virus. De maniĂšre intĂ©ressante, cette mutation empĂȘche la glycosylation d'un des sites de N-glycosylation prĂ©sent sur la glycoprotĂ©ine E2. En outre, lorsque cette mutation est directement introduite dans la sĂ©quence du JFH-1, elle facilite l'infection des cellules Huh-7 naĂŻves. Dans une deuxiĂšme approche, et fort de nos rĂ©sultats obtenus dans une Ă©tude portant sur des virus chimĂ©riques 1a-2a du VHC, nous avons mis en Ă©vidence que la sĂ©crĂ©tion des particules virales du VHC de gĂ©notype 2a pouvait ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©e par la substitution de deux acides aminĂ©s (F172C et P173S) localisĂ©s dans la sĂ©quence codant la protĂ©ine de la capside du VHC. L'insertion de ces variations (F172C, P173S et N534K) dans le gĂ©nome du VHC de gĂ©notype 2a permet de produire des titres infectieux trĂšs consĂ©quents. Ainsi, la substitution de certains acides aminĂ©s dans la sĂ©quence codant les protĂ©ines structurales permet de produire des titres infectieux du VHC importants et indĂ©pendemment de la lignĂ©e cellulaire Huh-7 utilisĂ©e. Lors de l'Ă©tude des mutants hautement productifs du clone JFH-1, nous avons observĂ© un phĂ©nomĂšne de cytotoxicitĂ© important sur la lignĂ©e cellulaire Huh-7. Bien que ce phĂ©nomĂšne ne soit pas encore expliquĂ©, nous avons Ă©tĂ© en mesure de sĂ©lectionner plusieurs clones cellulaires rĂ©sistants Ă  cet effet cytopathique. L'analyse de ces clones a montrĂ© qu'ils Ă©taient rĂ©sistants Ă  l'infection par le VHC. Cette rĂ©sistance est le rĂ©sultat de la perte d'expression d'un rĂ©cĂ©pteur majeur pour l'infection du VHC, la molĂ©cule de surface CD81. L'Ă©tude de ces clones cellulaires nous a permis de confirmer le rĂŽle primordial que joue CD81 dans l'infection par le VHC.LILLE2-BU SantĂ©-Recherche (593502101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    RÎle des acides aminés basiques de la partie N-terminale de la protéine de capside dans l'assemblage du virus de l'hépatite C

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    La fonction majeure de la protĂ©ine de capside (C) du virus de l hĂ©patite C (HCV) est d interagir avec l ARN gĂ©nomique pour former la nuclĂ©ocapside, un Ă©lĂ©ment essentiel de la particule virale. Les Ă©tudes menĂ©es pour identifier les rĂ©sidus basiques de la protĂ©ine C du HCV ont Ă©tĂ© principalement rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă  l aide d un systĂšme acellulaire mais celui-ci ne permettait pas d Ă©valuer leur effet sur l infectiositĂ© du HCV. Le dĂ©veloppement du systĂšme infectieux en culture cellulaire du HCV (HCVcc) permet de prĂ©ciser le rĂŽle de ces rĂ©sidus pendant le cycle viral. Dans notre travail, le rĂŽle de ces rĂ©sidus basiques a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© par mutagenĂšse dirigĂ©e en utilisant le systĂšme HCVcc. Nous avons modifiĂ© les rĂ©sidus basiques contenus dans deux rĂ©gions (rĂ©gion 1, aa 6 Ă  23 et rĂ©gion 2, aa 39 Ă  62), situĂ©s au sein des 62 aa N-terminaux de la protĂ©ine C du HCV. Nos rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que les rĂ©sidus de la premiĂšre rĂ©gion ont un effet mineur sur la rĂ©plication virale et qu ils ne sont pas nĂ©cessaires Ă  l infectiositĂ© du HCV. Par contre, quatre rĂ©sidus basiques de la deuxiĂšme rĂ©gion se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©s ĂȘtre essentiels pour la production de particules virales infectieuses. La modification de ces rĂ©sidus n a pas d effet sur la localisation subcellulaire de la protĂ©ine C, l interaction protĂ©ine capside-ARN, l oligomerisation de la protĂ©ine de capside et son enveloppement par les membranes intracellulaires. Dans l ensemble, nos donnĂ©es suggĂšrent que les rĂ©sidus basiques R50, K51, R59 et R62 jouent un rĂŽle majeur dans la formation des particules virales infectieuses Ă  une Ă©tape prĂ©coce, ultĂ©rieure Ă  l assemblage de la nuclĂ©ocapside virale.A major function of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core protein is the interaction with genomic RNA to form the nucleocapsid, an essential component of the virus particle. Analyses to identify basic amino acid residues of HCV core protein, important for capsid assembly, were initially performed with a cell-free system, which did not indicate the importance of these residues for HCV infectivity. The development of a cell culture system for HCV (HCVcc) allows a more precise analysis of these core protein amino acids during the HCV life cycle. In the present study, we used a mutational analysis in the context of the HCVcc system to determine the role of the basic amino acid residues of the core protein in HCV infectivity. We focused our analysis on basic residues located in two clusters (cluster 1, amino acids [aa]6 to 23; cluster 2, aa 39 to 62) within the N-terminal 62 amino acids of the HCV core protein. Our data indicate that basic residues of the first cluster have little impact on replication and are dispensable for infectivity. Furthermore, only four basic amino acids residues of the second cluster (R50, K51, R59, and R62) were essential for the production of infectious viral particles. Mutation of these residues did not interfere with core protein subcellular localization, core protein-RNA interaction, or core protein oligomerization. Moreover, these mutations had no effect on core protein envelopment by intracellular membranes. Together, these data indicate that R50, K51, R59, and R62 residues play a major role in the formation of infectious viral particles at a post-nucleocapsid assembly step.LILLE1-Bib. Electronique (590099901) / SudocSudocFranceF
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