Total animation: A multimedia computer resource program for secondary art education

This HyperStudio animation project covers the basic concepts, techniques, and procedures in producing animation. The purpose of this program is to furnish the user with enough information that will serve as a basic foundation to produce a simple animation for themselves

A Comparison of Heart Rate Variability Between High Fit and Recreational Fit Cyclists

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The Effect of Aerobic and Resistance Training on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Meta-Analytic Study

Diabetes is a widely-spread disease among the whole population and can cause other complications in many organs if not treated correctly. Medications along with exercise and an appropriate diet are a key point in the management of type 2 diabetes. PURPOSE: to analyze the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training carefully on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A meta-analysis review was conducted to investigate differences in glucose and HbA1c levels with aerobic and resistance training in type 2 diabetes patients. Data over training, HbA1c and daily glucose levels was collected from different studies for the investigation. The data collected was carefully analyzed to see whether aerobic or resistance training was the best option of training to have a better outcome on the control of glucose levels. All studies included adults from the ages 18-65 and of both genders. 905 inactive subjects were used for the study. The subjects met three times per week and exercised for an average of 49 minutes of moderate to high intensity training. RESULTS: All three types of training decreased the HbA1c levels but had a higher decrease in the combined training group. The Effect Size (ES) for all three groups were: aerobic (-0.47), resistance (-0.38), and combined (-0.77) which was a large ES. BMI (kg/m2), MVO2 (ml/min/kg), and FFA (%) had a Small-Moderate ES with combined training, while MVO2 showed a Large ES in the aerobic group. CONCLUSION: Even though the results showed positive effects in all three groups, the present study suggest type 2 diabetes patients to engage in combined training to see better results in their HbA1c levels

Protein Assimilation, Usage and Storage

Common concerns among athletes regarding protein consumption are the following: what protein type(s) is best suited for their particular needs; what amounts of protein should be consumed for their supplementation; and lastly, what should the timing of protein consumption be, for prime utilization in the body? There is a recommended daily allowance (RDA) by the National Institute of Health (NIH). The NIH recommends that an individual should be ingesting 0.8g/kg of body weight a day. Active individuals who include resistance training into their daily regime may need more than the RDA. The purpose of this study is to determine if 4.4 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight for is adequate, inadequate or in excess for the body to utilize for recovery or muscle hypertrophy during a five (5) week training intervention. This study utilized 2 male subjects that volunteered and were considered trained athletes with a minimum of one-year experience in lifting weights. Prior to testing, each subject signed an informed consent form approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for humans as subjects at Midwestern State University and a physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-QTM). Resting measures included: height (cm), weight (kg), body fat analysis through skinfold (3 site, %), anthropometric circumference measures at the abdomen, biceps, hips, gastrocnemius, forearm, upper thigh, mid-thigh and waist. During the intervention, each subject was given 4.4 g/kg/day of protein based on a daily nutritional analysis and supplementation of whey protein. Pre and post strength tests were the following: 1 repetition maximal (RM) bench press, latissimus pull down, squat, leg extension and leg curl. After a 5-week intervention with protein and supervised weight training sessions, all results were recorded and analyzed. Averages from every exercise from each week were charted to be analyzed to see progress throughout the intervention and compared to one another. For both subjects, body weight and all circumference measures increased after the 5 week intervention of training and high protein intake. Additionally, body fat percentage was reduced in both subjects following the intervention. Strength improvements through 1RM testing was shown in both subjects for the following: latissimus pull down, squat, leg extension and leg curl. It is concluded that a 5 week intervention of training and high protein intake facilitates strength and lean muscle mass

Metabolic Efficiency During Ramp Test in Collegiate Cyclists

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine trend-line patterns for efficiency in collegiate, competitive cyclists. METHODS: Subjects included 17male and 6 female (n=23) . Measures were the following: age (y), height (cm), weight (kg), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max, mL*kg-1*min.-1), maximal heart rate (MHR, b*min.-1), blood lactate (BLa, mM) and maximal power (w). Subjects were fit, collegiate cyclists competing for Midwestern State University cycling team. Each subject performed a cycle ergometer test utilizing the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) cycle ergometer protocol. Blood lactate was determined by removing 10µl each minute during the cycle ergometer test to volitional fatigue. Oxygen consumption (VO2, mL*kg-1*min.-1) per power output (watts) was calculated as metabolic efficiency (VO2*watts-1). Trend-line analysis was correlated with metabolic efficiency in response to VO2 per work at each stage . Statistical significance was set a priori at p \u3c 0.05. Results: Mean (SD) demographic measures were the following: age (y) 22.8 (3.8); height (cm) 169.4 (16.9); weight (kg) 74.6 (5.20); Metabolic efficiency (VO2*watts-1) indicated a power curvilinear trend-line. Male data averaged across power output resulted in a mathematical power trend-line with a coefficient of determination of R2=.898. Female data averaged across power resulted in a power trend-line with a coefficient of determination of R2=.943. Conclusion: During the cycle ergometer test, cyclists exhibited an enhanced metabolic efficiency as work increased. However, trend-line analysis indicated a plateau as the subjects neared volitional fatigue

A Bayesian Inference Comparing Collegiate Female Cyclists to Elite Female Cyclists from a Meta-Analysis

Physiological characteristics of competitive female cyclist can be used as a reference to enhance performance. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological characteristics of competitive, collegiate female cyclists (CFC) to data of elite female cyclists (EFC) obtained from a meta-analytic review. Methods: Eleven (n=11) CFC volunteered as subjects. All subjects signed a university approved informed consent. Means and standard deviation (SD) were obtained from the following measurements: age (y), 22.5± 5.1; height (cm) 167.22 ± 6.2; weight (kg) 63.78 ± 9.71; body fat (%) 22.9 ± 3.6. Each subject performed a maximal cycling ergometer test to volitional fatigue. During the test, maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max, mL*kg-1*min.-1) was analyzed using a gas analyzer. VO2 max, maximal blood lactate (mM), maximal power (W), lactate threshold (mM), ventilatory threshold (VT ,% of maximal) and heart rate threshold (HRT, % of maximal) were used to compare the performance of CFC to the data of EFC obtained from a past meta-analysis. An independent samples t-Test was used to compare the measures of the CFC vs. EFC data from the meta-analysis. Alpha was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Results showed the following comparisons between CFC vs. EFC, respectively: body fat %, C value* vs. Elite value: 22.9( 3.6) vs 15.2( 3.3); VO2 max (mL/kg/min) 58.07(6.94) vs 52.5 ( 5.5); max power (W) 275.0( 42.5 ) vs 450.7( 256) ;lactate threshold (mM) 3.74(0.79) vs 2.8( 0.28); VT (%) 87.0( 4.1) vs 73.2 ( 9.8) and HRT (%) 93.1( 2.2) vs 79.7 values. There was a significant difference * (p \u3c 0.05) in the aforementioned measures. Conclusion: The CFC did fit the norm reference of female cyclist obtained from the past meta-analysis. The results of the data show that CFC had favorable performance measures compared to EFC from the meta-analysis on most, but not all measures

Blood Lactate Kinetics Established Through Polynomial Line of Best Fit

PURPOSE: The purpose of this research is to determine a consistent line of best fit to mathematically define blood lactate kinetics during an incremental test to volitional fatigue. METHODS: There were 28 male and 10 female (n=38) subjects. Prior to testing, subjects signed an informed consent approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) for humans as subjects at Midwestern State University. Resting measures include: age (y), height (cm), weight (kg), body fat (%). The exercise measures of heart rate (HR, b*min.-1), minute volume of oxygen consumption (VO2, mL*kg-1*min.-1) and blood lactate (BLa, mM) were taken during a maximal cycle ergometer (VelotronTM) test utilizing the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS) cycle ergometer protocol. The aforementioned measures were taken each minute during the test until volitional fatigue. Statistical measures included means (standard deviation, SD) for group analysis. Trend line analysis was utilized to determine the line of best fit for BLa kinetic analysis. A coefficient of determination was used to establish level of association between the line of best fit and BLa kinetics. RESULTS: Group means (SD) for measures were the following for male and female subjects, respectively: age (y), 28.9 (12.2), 22.3 (5.3); height (cm), 177.3 (5.5), 167.7 (6.3); weight (kg), 75.8 (7.4), 63.5 (10.2); body fat (%), 10.01 (4.2), 22.9 (3.6); maximal VO2 (mL*kg-1*min.-1), 84.9 (4.6), 63.1 (14.1), peak BLa (mM), 12.7 (2.8), 9.3 (0.71). Third (3) order polynomial line of best fit was established for male and female BLa kinetics during the cycle ergometer test. Male and female polynomial equations with coefficient of determination (R2) are the following, respectively: Male, y = -(7 x 10-7) x3 + 0.0007x2 - 0.2104x + 19.917, R² = 0.9982; Female, y=-(2 x 10-6) x3 + 0.0012x2 - 0.2452x + 18.268, R² = 0.9892. CONCLUSION: Within the sample tested, blood lactate kinetics showed a consistent kinetic pattern with male and female cyclists. Trend line analysis indicates a 3rd order polynomial line of best fit was highly associated with BLa kinetics

Physiological Markers of Phase Change in Heart Rate Response to Work

Heart rate response to increasing workload is accompanied by a series of physiologically marked stages, which can be identified through a linear and logarithmic regression line cross-over. These stages represent the withdrawal and activation of neural, hormonal and reflex mechanisms. However identification of physiological mechanisms associated with rate change is lacking in the literature. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to establish mathematical regression trend-lines for segmental changes in heart rate response to increased work, and identify the physiological mechanisms associated with said change. METHODS: Ten (n=10) male cyclists acted as subjects. Each signed a university approved informed consent prior to testing. Pre-test measures included the following: medical and fitness questionnaires; height (cm), weight (kg), age (y), body fat (%) and seated resting heart rate (b*min.-1). Subjects were then fitted to the VelotronTM bicycle ergometer. The ergometer protocol began at 150 watts (w) of work at a pedal rate between 80 and 90 (RPM). The work increased at 25 (w) per minute until volitional fatigue. The following measures were taken during the cycle ergometer test: beat-by-beat heart rate (b*min.-1), expired ventilation (VE, l*min.-1), minute volume of oxygen consumption (VO2, l*min.-1, ml*kg-1*min.-1) and minute volume of carbon dioxide production (VCO2, l*min.-1). Statistical analyses included logarithmic and linear regression lines of group mean heart rates to establish segments of heart rate change during the test. Trend-lines of best fit were then utilized for established phases of heart rate change. Mean (SD) values were established across subjects for measured variables. RESULTS: Demographic means (SD) were the following: height, 178.3 (5.1); weight, 81.4 (6.8); body fat, 10.5 (3.8); age, 29.6 (8.1); VO2Max, 70.3 (6.03). Three phases (I, II, III) were established from the logarithmic/linear cross-over. Each phase had a distinct trend-line established as the line of best fit. These trend-lines were the following: Phase I, logarithmic; Phase II, linear; Phase III, 4th degree polynomial. CONCLUSION: This research demonstrates the three distinct segments of heart rate response due to incremental increases in workload and can be identified through the application of a linear-logarithmic regression analysis. Associated physiological mechanisms include the following: parasympathetic deactivation, sympathetic activation, baroreceptor reflex, catecholamines, peripheral afferent signal from specific metabolites

An Investigation of Expired Gas Influence on the Shape of The Heart Rate Response at Maximal Effort in Cyclists

PURPOSE: To use mathematical examination to determine if expired gases, (i.e. VO2 and VCO2), influence neural response and affect the shape of the three phases of a heart rate (HR) response during a maximal, incremental cycling test. METHODS: Archived data from ten (10) well-trained cyclists (mean VO2 max 68.7 ml/kg/min) who performed VO2 maximal tests using the Australian Institute for Sport (AIS) protocol was used to calculate group mean HR, VO2 and VCO2 values for each phase of a test to volitional fatigue. A trend line of best fit was assigned to each phase of HR, VO2 and VCO2 response. The trend line equations compared graphed patterns of response and rates of change (i.e. slopes) within each phase of each physiological response at fixed time points. Comparison of rates of change between variables and phases was accomplished with first derivative analysis of the slope of each trend line. Group mean slope values of HR taken at two-second intervals were tested for association to matched group mean slope values of the expired gases, VO2 and VCO2. The set of slope values for each phase of HR, VO2 and VCO2 responses was tested for associations using a T-test of independent variables. A Pearson Product R test for correlation investigated the strength of any associations. Statistical significance was set a priori at p≤0.05. RESULTS: A similar pattern response for the three variables occurred in Phase I and II of HR response. Graphed HR, VO2 and VCO2 responses were best fit by logarithmic trend lines in Phase I and polynomial trend lines in Phase II. Pattern responses of HR and VO2 in Phase III were best fit by polynomial trend lines. Phase III VCO2 response was best fit by an exponential trend line. Mathematical comparison of HR, VO2 and VCO2 slope values at identical time points indicated that neither VO2 nor VCO2 responses changed at a similar rate to HR response in Phase I, II and III. DISCUSSION: Endurance training has been shown to alter HR and expired gas response differently in humans. While the slope of HR during an incremental test is generally less steep in trained subjects, steeper VO2 and VCO2 slope responses are often a characteristic of the trained. These physiological characteristics of trained subjects could explain why the pattern of HR, VO2 and VCO2 was mostly similar, while the rate of increase of HR to expired gases was different

Effects of Six weeks of Time-based Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition, Metabolic Parameters in Young Adults

A growing number of people are using intermittent fasting (IF) as a dietary strategy for weight loss and general wellness. PURPOSE: The aim of the current study was to investigate how a time-restricted IF approach will affect overweight and obese young adults for six (6) weeks. METHODS: Twenty-five (n=25) individuals between the ages of 18-29 y were recruited through university banners and were randomly assigned to two groups; Group A and Group B. Each group fasted for 16 hours each. Group A fasted from 8pm to 12pm and Group B fasted from 4pm to 8am. Subjects were tested (baseline) before starting the trials with the following: Body anthropometric measurements including body mass (bm, kg), body mass index (BMI, bm kg*Ht m-2), waist circumference (cm), hip circumference (cm), waist to hip ratio, body fat percentage (%) and Resting Metabolic Rate (mL*kg-1*min.-1). Each subject was tested at baseline, two (2) weeks, four (4) weeks and six (6) weeks (post-test) Statistical analysis included demographic means (standard deviation), an independent samples t-test for between group differences at each measurement term, a dependent samples t-test for within group differences between measurement terms. Statistical significance was set a priori at p\u3c 0.05. RESULTS: After 6 weeks, between group differences were not statistically different. Statistically significant within groups indicated a decrease in weight (p= 0.002), BMI (p= 0.0006), Waist Circumference(p=0.02), Hip Circumference (p=0.018) after 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: The present study confirms that timings of fasting does not alter body anthropometrics and metabolic parameters but fasting has proven to show significant reduction in weight, BMI, Waist and Hip circumference