152 research outputs found
Microscopic processes controlling the Herschel-Bulkley exponent
The flow curve of various yield stress materials is singular as the strain
rate vanishes, and can be characterized by the so-called Herschel-Bulkley
exponent . A mean-field approximation due to Hebraud and Lequeux
(HL) assumes mechanical noise to be Gaussian, and leads to in rather
good agreement with observations. Here we prove that the improved mean-field
model where the mechanical noise has fat tails instead leads to with
logarithmic correction. This result supports that HL is not a suitable
explanation for the value of , which is instead significantly affected
by finite dimensional effects. From considerations on elasto-plastic models and
on the limitation of speed at which avalanches of plasticity can propagate, we
argue that where is the fractal dimension of
avalanches and the spatial dimension. Measurements of then supports
that and in two and three dimensions
respectively. We discuss theoretical arguments leading to approximations of
in finite dimensions.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure
Adaptive Elastic Networks as models of supercooled liquids
The thermodynamics and dynamics of supercooled liquids correlate with their
elasticity. In particular for covalent networks, the jump of specific heat is
small and the liquid is {\it strong} near the threshold valence where the
network acquires rigidity. By contrast, the jump of specific heat and the
fragility are large away from this threshold valence. In a previous work [Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 110, 6307 (2013)], we could explain these behaviors by
introducing a model of supercooled liquids in which local rearrangements
interact via elasticity. However, in that model the disorder characterizing
elasticity was frozen, whereas it is itself a dynamic variable in supercooled
liquids. Here we study numerically and theoretically adaptive elastic network
models where polydisperse springs can move on a lattice, thus allowing for the
geometry of the elastic network to fluctuate and evolve with temperature. We
show numerically that our previous results on the relationship between
structure and thermodynamics hold in these models. We introduce an
approximation where redundant constraints (highly coordinated regions where the
frustration is large) are treated as an ideal gas, leading to analytical
predictions that are accurate in the range of parameters relevant for real
materials. Overall, these results lead to a description of supercooled liquids,
in which the distance to the rigidity transition controls the number of
directions in phase space that cost energy and the specific heat.Comment: 12 pages, 14 figure
Geometric interpretation of pre-vitrification in hard sphere liquids
We derive a microscopic criterion for the stability of hard sphere
configurations, and we show empirically that this criterion is marginally
satisfied in the glass. This observation supports a geometric interpretation
for the initial rapid rise of viscosity with packing fraction, or
pre-vitrification. It also implies that barely stable soft modes characterize
the glass structure, whose spatial extension is estimated. We show that both
the short-term dynamics and activation processes occur mostly along those soft
modes, and we study some implications of these observations. This article
synthesizes new and previous results [C. Brito and M. Wyart, Euro. Phys.
Letters, {\bf 76}, 149-155, (2006) and C. Brito and M. Wyart, J. Stat. Mech.,
L08003 (2007) ] in a unified view.Comment: accepted for publication in the Journal of Chemical Physics (added
discussion on RCP and ideal glass transition
Unifying Suspension and Granular flows near Jamming
Rheological properties of dense flows of hard particles are singular as one
approaches the jamming threshold where flow ceases, both for granular flows
dominated by inertia, and for over-damped suspensions. Concomitantly, the
lengthscale characterizing velocity correlations appears to diverge at jamming.
Here we review a theoretical framework that gives a scaling description of
stationary flows of frictionless particles. Our analysis applies both to
suspensions and inertial flows of hard particles. We report numerical results
in support of the theory, and show the phase diagram that results when friction
is added, delineating the regime of validity of the frictionless theory.Comment: Short review to appear in Powders and Grains 201
Stability at Random Close Packing
The requirement that packings of hard particles, arguably the simplest
structural glass, cannot be compressed by rearranging their network of contacts
is shown to yield a new constraint on their microscopic structure. This
constraint takes the form a bound between the distribution of contact forces
P(f) and the pair distribution function g(r): if P(f) \sim f^{\theta} and g(r)
\sim (r-{\sigma})^(-{\gamma}), where {\sigma} is the particle diameter, one
finds that {\gamma} \geq 1/(2+{\theta}). This bound plays a role similar to
those found in some glassy materials with long-range interactions, such as the
Coulomb gap in Anderson insulators or the distribution of local fields in
mean-field spin glasses. There is ground to believe that this bound is
saturated, offering an explanation for the presence of avalanches of
rearrangements with power-law statistics observed in packings
Correlations between vibrational entropy and dynamics in super-cooled liquids
A relation between vibrational entropy and particles mean square displacement
is derived in super-cooled liquids, assuming that the main effect of
temperature changes is to rescale the vibrational spectrum. Deviations from
this relation, in particular due to the presence of a Boson Peak whose shape
and frequency changes with temperature, are estimated. Using observations of
the short-time dynamics in liquids of various fragility, it is argued that (i)
if the crystal entropy is significantly smaller than the liquid entropy at
, the extrapolation of the vibrational entropy leads to the correlation
, where is the Kauzmann temperature and is the
temperature extracted from the Vogel-Fulcher fit of the viscosity. (ii) The
jump in specific heat associated with vibrational entropy is very small for
strong liquids, and increases with fragility. The analysis suggests that these
correlations stem from the stiffening of the Boson Peak under cooling,
underlying the importance of this phenomenon on the dynamical arrest.Comment: Eqs.2 and 7 corrected, results unchange
Self-referential behaviour, overreaction and conventions in financial markets
We study a generic model for self-referential behaviour in financial markets,
where agents attempt to use some (possibly fictitious) causal correlations
between a certain quantitative information and the price itself. This
correlation is estimated using the past history itself, and is used by a
fraction of agents to devise active trading strategies. The impact of these
strategies on the price modify the observed correlations. A potentially
unstable feedback loop appears and destabilizes the market from an efficient
behaviour. For large enough feedbacks, we find a `phase transition' beyond
which non trivial correlations spontaneously set in and where the market
switches between two long lived states, that we call conventions. This
mechanism leads to overreaction and excess volatility, which may be
considerable in the convention phase. A particularly relevant case is when the
source of information is the price itself. The two conventions then correspond
then to either a trend following regime or to a contrarian (mean reverting)
regime. We provide some empirical evidence for the existence of these
conventions in real markets, that can last for several decades.Comment: 15 pages, 12 .eps figure
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