Nutrient budgets for European seas: a measure of the effectiveness of nutrient reduction policies

Socio-economic development in Europe has exerted increasing pressure on the marine environment. Eutrophication, caused by nutrient enrichment, is evident in regions of all European seas. Its severity varies but has, in places, adversely impacted socio-economic activities. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of recently adopted policies to reduce anthropogenic nutrient inputs to European seas. Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets were constructed for three different periods (prior to severe eutrophication, during severe eutrophication and contemporary) to capture changes in the relative importance of different nutrient sources in four European seas suffering from eutrophication (Baltic Proper, coastal North Sea, Northern Adriatic and North-Western Black Sea Shelf). Policy success is evident for point sources, notably for P in the Baltic and North Seas, but reduction of diffuse sources has been more problematic

<Originals> Oxygen Uptake of Hemiparetic Patients during Walking

The relations between oxygen uptake and Brunnstrom's recovery stage, speed of walking, age and sex were investigated in nineteen hemiparetic patients. Nine of them were males and ten were females. Their mean age was 59.3. There were thirteen cases of cerebral hemorrhage and six of cerebral infarction. Oxygen uptake was determined by analysis of expired gas collected in a Douglas bag during walking. The mean of oxygen uptake was 12.85±4.14(S.D.) mlO_2/kg/min. There were no significant relationships between oxygen uptake and Brunnstrom's recovery stage, speed of walking or age. However, oxygen uptake in females was significantly less than in males. We speculated that males walked with more effort than females and found that several patients required more oxygen than normal subjects in unrestrained walking