The New Taxing Right and Its Scope Limitations : A Theoretical Reflection

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Effect of chemical admixtures on conductivity of mortars

The effect of available commercial chemical admixtures namely ASTM Types A, C, D, E, F and AEAs on the electrical conductivity of mortars was investigated using modified electrical technique. Interpretation of the electrical conductivity (reciprocal of resistivity) of mortars was combined with results from calculating Na + and K + ion concentrations in the pore solution of mortars, measuring non-evaporable water content, gravimetric water porosity as well as conductivity of chemical admixtures. The water to cement ratios used were 0.485 and 0.35 with a sand to cement ratio fixed to 2.75. The dosage of chemical admixtures varied from low, medium and high in accordance with the indication by manufacturers. The results showed that the different types of chemical admixtures exhibited different effects on the electrical conductivity of mortars. In the high water to cement ratio condition, the conductivity values of mortars with added Types A, D and F chemical admixtures were raised due to alteration of the pore solution chemistry, severe set retardation and increase in porosity. The high conductivity of mortars with Type C chemical admixtures was due to the introduction of a large amount of strong electrolyte Ca(NO 2 ) 2 to the pore solution which overwhelmed its accelerating hydration rate. On the contrary, the high degree of hydration of mortars with added Type E chemical admixtures offset their high alkali concentration in the pore solution. In the low water to cement ratio condition, the presence of types A, D, E and F chemical admixtures decreased the conductivity of mortars which was attributed to deflocculation, improving the microstructure and reducing porosity. Appropriate addition of AEAs reduced the conductivity of mortars in low and high water to cement ratios owing to the entrained micro-air bubbles in mortars separating the paths of conductivit

City Sustainable Development Evaluation Based on Hesitant Multiplicative Fuzzy Information

Sustainable development evaluation is the basis of city sustainable development research, and effective evaluation is the foundation for guiding the formulation and implementation of sustainable development strategy. In this paper, we provided a new city sustainable development evaluation method called hesitant multiplicative fuzzy TODIM (HMF-TODIM). The main advantage of this method is that it can deal with the subjective preference information of the decision-makers. The comparison study of existing methods and HMF-TODIM is also carried out. Additionally, real case analysis is presented to show the validity and superiority of the proposed method. Research results in this paper can provide useful information for the construction of sustainable cities

The shifted classical circulant and skew circulant splitting iterative methods for Toeplitz matrices

It is known that every Toeplitz matrix T enjoys a circulant and skew circulant splitting (denoted by CSCS), i.e., T=C-S with C a circulant matrix and S a skew circulant matrix. Based on the variant of such a splitting (also referred to as CSCS), we first develop classical CSCS iterative methods and then introduce shifted CSCS iterative methods for solving hermitian positive definite Toeplitz systems in this paper. The convergence of each method is analyzed. Numerical experiments show that the classical CSCS iterative methods work slightly better than the Gauss-Seidel (GS) iterative methods if the CSCS is convergent and that there is always a constant $\alpha$ such that the shifted CSCS iteration converges much faster than the Gauss-Seidel iteration, no matter whether the CSCS itself is convergent or not.National Natural Science Foundation of China No. 11371075The authors would like to thank the supports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 11371075, the research innovation program of Hunan province for postgraduate students under Grant No. CX2015B374, the Portuguese Funds through FCT–Fundac˜ao para a Ciˆencia, within the Project UID/MAT/00013/2013.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio