Optical and electrical study of organic solar cells with a 2D grating anode

We investigate both optical and electrical properties of organic solar cells (OSCs) incorporating 2D periodic metallic back grating as an anode. Using a unified finite-difference approach, the multiphysics modeling framework for plasmonic OSCs is established to seamlessly connect the photon absorption with carrier transport and collection by solving the Maxwell's equations and semiconductor equations (Poisson, continuity, and drift-diffusion equations). Due to the excited surface plasmon resonance, the significantly nonuniform and extremely high exciton generation rate near the metallic grating are strongly confirmed by our theoretical model. Remarkably, the nonuniform exciton generation indeed does not induce more recombination loss or smaller open-circuit voltage compared to 1D multilayer standard OSC device. The increased open-circuit voltage and reduced recombination loss by the plasmonic OSC are attributed to direct hole collections at the metallic grating anode with a short transport path. The work provides an important multiphysics understanding for plasmonic organic photovoltaics. © 2012 Optical Society of America.published_or_final_versio

Optical properties of a novel yellow fluorescent dopant for use in organic LEDs

In this paper, the optical properties of a novel organic, 2,8-di(t-butyl)-5,11-di[4(t-butyl) phenyl]-6,12-diphenylnaphthacene (tetra(t-butyl)rubrene) have been investigated. Our results show that there are two peaks in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of tetra(t-butyl)rubrene (TBRb) which are also confirmed in the electroluminescence (EL) spectra. Photo-quenching of the PL intensity is observed when the irradiation time increases. It is shown that oxidation is the dominant reason for photo-quenching. The absolute refractive index and absorption coefficient have also been determined and the results correlate well with the PL results. The results show that TBRb can be a good dopant to achieve the Förster energy transfer and to assist light emission. The optical properties of TBRb are similar to those of rubrene; however, the PL of TBRb is much stronger than that of rubrene. Finally, although crystalline organics have been commonly reported by heating the sample, we report crystallization of TBRb at low temperature <230 K when the TBRb film is in an amorphous form before cooling. © Springer-Verlag 2004.postprin

Optical Properties of a Novel Dye in Yellow Florescent Organic LEDs

In this paper, time-resolved PL, lifetime and crystallization of a novel organic, 2,8-di(t-butyl)-5,11-di[4(t-butyl)phenyl]-6,12-diphenylnaphthacene, which is considered to be potential candidate to substitute the conventionally used 5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene for a higher efficient yellow-color organic LED, were investigated. The PL intensity will reduce when the irradiation time increases because of photo-quenching. It is shown that oxidation is the dominant reason for photo-quenching. In addition, TBRb has two lifetimes. The short one is /spl sim/5 ns and the long one is /spl sim/31 ns. They are considerably contributed by the short PL peak and long PL peak respectively. Furthermore, we first report, to the best knowledge, crystallization of TBRb at low temperature of 11 K and with irradiation.published_or_final_versio

Magnetic field effects on the electroluminescence of organic light emitting devices: A tool to indicate the carrier mobility

The magnetoelectroluminescence (MEL) of organic light emitting devices with a N, N′ -bis(l-naphthyl)- N, N′ -diphenyl- 1, l′ -biphentl- 4, 4′ -diamine:tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (NPB: Alq 3) mixed emission layer (EML) has been investigated. We find that MEL is maximized when the volume ratio of NPB of the mixed EML reaches 30% and the EML thickness is 40 nm. The features of MEL under various magnetic field strengths are insensitive to the change in EML thickness and mixing ratio. Meanwhile, MEL has a close relationship with the carrier mobility. We have conducted a theoretical study to further verify the relationship. Our experimental and theoretical results confirm that MEL can function as a tool to indicate the mobility. © 2010 American Institute of Physics.published_or_final_versio

Human Remains from the Pleistocene-Holocene Transition of Southwest China Suggest a Complex Evolutionary History for East Asians

BACKGROUND: Later Pleistocene human evolution in East Asia remains poorly understood owing to a scarcity of well described, reliably classified and accurately dated fossils. Southwest China has been identified from genetic research as a hotspot of human diversity, containing ancient mtDNA and Y-DNA lineages, and has yielded a number of human remains thought to derive from Pleistocene deposits. We have prepared, reconstructed, described and dated a new partial skull from a consolidated sediment block collected in 1979 from the site of Longlin Cave (Guangxi Province). We also undertook new excavations at Maludong (Yunnan Province) to clarify the stratigraphy and dating of a large sample of mostly undescribed human remains from the site. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We undertook a detailed comparison of cranial, including a virtual endocast for the Maludong calotte, mandibular and dental remains from these two localities. Both samples probably derive from the same population, exhibiting an unusual mixture of modern human traits, characters probably plesiomorphic for later Homo, and some unusual features. We dated charcoal with AMS radiocarbon dating and speleothem with the Uranium-series technique and the results show both samples to be from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition: ∼14.3-11.5 ka. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our analysis suggests two plausible explanations for the morphology sampled at Longlin Cave and Maludong. First, it may represent a late-surviving archaic population, perhaps paralleling the situation seen in North Africa as indicated by remains from Dar-es-Soltane and Temara, and maybe also in southern China at Zhirendong. Alternatively, East Asia may have been colonised during multiple waves during the Pleistocene, with the Longlin-Maludong morphology possibly reflecting deep population substructure in Africa prior to modern humans dispersing into Eurasia

Recognition of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse in a Chinese rural sample: a cross-sectional study

Background Under-utilization of mental health services is a global health issue. Recognition of mental disorders, as the first step to seeking help from professional sources, has been well studied in developed countries, yet little is known about the situation in rural areas of developing countries like China. The purpose of the study is to understand the recognition of depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse and its predictive factors in a Chinese rural sample Methods Face-to-face interviews were conducted on a representative rural adult sample in a cross-sectional study in China (N = 2052). Respondents were presented with three vignettes depicting depression, anxiety and alcohol abuse and asked to label the disorder and its cause to assess their recognition of the three mental disorders. They also completed the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) to assess their current mental health status. Results The alcohol abuse vignette was more frequently attributed as a mental problem than the depression vignette and anxiety vignette. The correct labeling rate was 16.1 % in the depression vignette, 15.5 % in the anxiety vignette, and 58.2 % in the alcohol vignette. Higher education is the common and also strongest factor positively predicting the recognition of all three vignettes. Beyond that, being female is an independent predictor of correct recognition of alcohol abuse, while recognition of depression and anxiety were positively predicted by younger age. Conclusions Lower recognition of depression and anxiety as compared to alcohol abuse confirms the importance and need to increase the public’s awareness and knowledge about common mental disorders. Recognition of common mental disorders could be improved through general public campaign and education, while paying attention to the unique predictive factors for each specific disorder and implement targeted intervention

Predicting gambling propensity and behavior : the role of social axioms and distortive beliefs

202205 bcvcAccepted ManuscriptRGCPublishe

Does believing in fate facilitate active or avoidant coping? The effects of fate control on coping strategies and mental well-being

202011 bcrcVersion of RecordRGCGeneral Research Fund (#541212)Humanities and Social Sciences Prestigious Fellowship Scheme (#35000418)Publishe

Social axiom and group identity explain participation in a societal event in Hong Kong

202212 bckwVersion of RecordPublishe

Relationships between global orientations and attitudes toward integration policies : a sequential explanatory mixed methods approach

202211 bcwwAccepted ManuscriptRGCOthersPublic Policy Research Funding Scheme (PolyU5006-PPR-11)Early releas