Correlation analysis of chlorogenic acid and luteoloside biosyntheses with transcription levels of HQTs and FNSs in Lonicera species

Organic acids and flavonoids are the main active components in Lonicera species. Chlorogenic acid and luteoloside are important components, and their synthesis is regulated in plants by the phenyl-propanoid synthesis pathway. Downstream of the phenylpropanoid synthesis pathway, hydroxycinnamoyl CoA quinate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HQT) and flavone synthase (FNS) are critical enzymes that are involved in chlorogenic acid and luteoloside biosynthesis, respectively.In this study, we first determined the dynamic accumulations of chlorogenic acid, luteoloside and other active components in different growth stages of the flower buds of Lonicera fulvotomentosa through HPLC-DAD and then investigated the expressions of the LJHQT and LJFNS gene families by q-RT-PCR. In addition, we also compared the expression levels of HQT and FNS orthologous genes in vari-ous tissues of Lonicera japonica, L. fulvotomentosa, and Lonicera hypoglauca.The results indicated that the chlorogenic acid contents exhibit leaf accumulation that is preferential in L. fulvotomentosa but exhibit bud accumulation that is preferential in L. japonica and L. hypoglauca. The luteoloside contents show preferential leaf accumulation in these three species. Our results suggest that the leaves and buds of these three species are rich in medicinal ingredients, including chlorogenic acid (CGA) and luteoloside, and therefore can be used as a material to extract CGA and luteoloside rather than being wasted. Furthermore, combined with the transcript expression levels of HQTs and FNSs, we explained the species-specific and tissue-specific occurrence of CGA and luteoloside. We analyzed dynamic changes of components and gene expression and demonstrated that the expressions of HQTs and FNSs in these three species are closely related to the synthesis of chlorogenic acid and luteoloside

An evolutionary game-based simulation study of a multi-agent governance system for smart senior care services in China

Abstract Background The competing interests of the government, smart senior care technology service providers, and older adults have led to a serious fragmentation of governance in China. This study aims to identify the collaboration mechanisms and evolutionary stabilization strategies for these agents. Methods An evolutionary game model is developed to analyze the strategic decisions made by the government, smart senior care technology service providers, and older adults. A sensitivity analysis is conducted using data from Anhui Province, China, to verify the effects of relevant parameters on the strategy decisions of each agent. Results The results of the simulation and sensitivity analysis indicated that, first, despite changes in the initial willingness values of the tripartite agents, the system eventually converges on 1. Second, the collaboration mechanism of the tripartite agents in the smart senior care system is related to government incentives, penalties, and subsidies, smart senior care service costs, and the additional benefits provided to smart senior care technology service providers. Conclusion The strategy decisions of the government, providers, and older adults interact with each other. To promote collaboration among the tripartite agents and improve governance effectiveness, the government should strengthen the regulations for providers, increase penalties for providers that engage in a breach of trust, provide moderate incentives and subsidies, and control smart senior care service costs