Studies on the Preferential Deposit for Military, Civil, and Teaching Personnel

軍公教18％優惠存款制度在特定之歷史脈絡下形成，背負特定之時代意義與政策功能；隨著政經結構、社會情勢之變遷，此制度存在之合理性與合法性漸受各界質疑。此制度原已隨退撫新制之實行而將逐漸走入歷史，何以改革訴求之聲浪一再湧現？這是本文研究之初衷。此，本文首先由歷史分析去瞭解軍公教18％優惠存款制度之形成，以及制度之本質屬性與問題癥結；其次觀察此制度變革訴求興起之時間，發現可劃分為2001年至2003年第一波變革時期及2005年至2007年第二波變革時期，第一波變革無疾而終，第二波變革雷厲風行；最後透過政策網絡途徑，分析軍公教18％優惠存款制度在這兩波變革中之政策環境構成與網絡參與者動態，試圖解答這兩波變革結局不同的原因與退休所得合理化改革政策方向之成因。究發現認為，在第二波變革中由於總統主動提出制度變革之訴求，憑藉其在政策社群中之優勢地位，提升了政策議題之高度，因此催化了改革政策之產出，同時也影響退休所得合理化改革政策之方向。重分配政策往往容易引起受損失標的人口之抗拒，為使政策改革更臻順利、完善，本文建議主管機關應加強與國會之聯繫、與受損失標的人口溝通；此外，政策之最終目標應是公平正義等普世價值，而非造成社會群體之仇視與對立，在改革中應避免污名化改革標的人口，秉持理性溝通才能獲得諒解與支持，減少政策執行之阻力。目錄一章 緒論……………………………………………………1一節 研究動機與研究目的…………………………………1二節 概念界定……………………………………………..4三節 文獻探討…………………………………………….15四節 研究途徑與研究方法……………………………….21二章 軍公教18％優惠存款制度沿革之政治經濟分析….25一節 軍公教優惠存款制度形成之歷史脈絡…………….25二節 軍公教18％優惠存款制度之本質屬性…………….32三節 社經結構轉型下之軍公教18％優惠存款制度及其題癥結………………………………………………….....34三章 軍公教18％優惠存款制度之改革歷程…………….47一節 軍公教18％優惠存款制度之第一波變革………….47二節 軍公教18％優惠存款制度之第二波變革………….53四章 軍公教18％優惠存款制度變革之政策網絡分析….61一節 軍公教18％優惠存款制度政策網絡之構成分析……61二節 軍公教18％優惠存款制度網絡參與者之互動分析…74五章 結論………………………………………………….80一節 研究發現…………………………………………….80二節 政策建議…………………………………………….87三節 未來研究展望……………………………………….88考文獻……………………………………………………….90錄……………………………………………………………100目錄1-1 適用優惠存款制度之人員及辦理優惠存款之法令依據一覽表………111-2 歷年優惠存款利率修正情形一覽表……………………………………142-1 我國歷年銀行存款利率統計表…………………………………………362-2 2006年退休公務人員每月退休所得與現職月薪所得替代率比較表…412-3 中央政府社會福利支出與退休撫卹支出總決算數一覽表1997至2006年度)..................................................432-4 政府歷年負擔軍公教退休(職、伍)人員優惠存款差額利息統計表…453-1 退休所得合理化改革備選方案一覽表…………………………………564-1 「民眾對軍公教優惠存款額度調整的看法」民意調查結果表………7

Fast Dissolving Electrospun Nanofibers Fabricated from Jelly Fig Polysaccharide/Pullulan for Drug Delivery Applications

The fast-dissolving drug delivery systems (FDDDSs) are developed as nanofibers using food-grade water-soluble hydrophilic biopolymers that can disintegrate fast in the oral cavity and deliver drugs. Jelly fig polysaccharide (JFP) and pullulan were blended to prepare fast-dissolving nanofiber by electrospinning. The continuous and uniform nanofibers were produced from the solution of 1% (w/w) JFP, 12% (w/w) pullulan, and 1 wt% Triton X-305. The SEM images confirmed that the prepared nanofibers exhibited uniform morphology with an average diameter of 144 ± 19 nm. The inclusion of JFP in pullulan was confirmed by TGA and FTIR studies. XRD analysis revealed that the increased crystallinity of JFP/pullulan nanofiber was observed due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The tensile strength and water vapor permeability of the JFP/pullulan nanofiber membrane were also enhanced considerably compared to pullulan nanofiber. The JFP/pullulan nanofibers loaded with hydrophobic model drugs like ampicillin and dexamethasone were rapidly dissolved in water within 60 s and release the encapsulants dispersive into the surrounding. The antibacterial activity, fast disintegration properties of the JFP/pullulan nanofiber were also confirmed by the zone of inhibition and UV spectrum studies. Hence, JFP/pullulan nanofibers could be a promising carrier to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs for fast-dissolving/disintegrating delivery applications

Fast Dissolving Electrospun Nanofibers Fabricated from Jelly Fig Polysaccharide/Pullulan for Drug Delivery Applications

The fast-dissolving drug delivery systems (FDDDSs) are developed as nanofibers using food-grade water-soluble hydrophilic biopolymers that can disintegrate fast in the oral cavity and deliver drugs. Jelly fig polysaccharide (JFP) and pullulan were blended to prepare fast-dissolving nanofiber by electrospinning. The continuous and uniform nanofibers were produced from the solution of 1% (w/w) JFP, 12% (w/w) pullulan, and 1 wt% Triton X-305. The SEM images confirmed that the prepared nanofibers exhibited uniform morphology with an average diameter of 144 ± 19 nm. The inclusion of JFP in pullulan was confirmed by TGA and FTIR studies. XRD analysis revealed that the increased crystallinity of JFP/pullulan nanofiber was observed due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The tensile strength and water vapor permeability of the JFP/pullulan nanofiber membrane were also enhanced considerably compared to pullulan nanofiber. The JFP/pullulan nanofibers loaded with hydrophobic model drugs like ampicillin and dexamethasone were rapidly dissolved in water within 60 s and release the encapsulants dispersive into the surrounding. The antibacterial activity, fast disintegration properties of the JFP/pullulan nanofiber were also confirmed by the zone of inhibition and UV spectrum studies. Hence, JFP/pullulan nanofibers could be a promising carrier to encapsulate hydrophobic drugs for fast-dissolving/disintegrating delivery applications

Microalgae cultivation and purification of carotenoids using supercritical anti-solvent recrystallization of CO2 + acetone solution

Zeaxanthin is a type of xanthophyll found in carotenoids, which is produced as a food supplement frequently used for human retinal protection. These works investigated growth rate and harvest of the sea water algal species of Nannochloropsis oculata (N. oculata) by in-door and out-door cultivations; stirred ultrasonic acetone extraction of zeaxanthin from; employed column fractionation to obtain zeaxanthinrich elution; and then coupled it with supercritical carbon dioxide anti-solvent (SAS) precipitation to generate the highly pure submicron-sized zeaxanthin. The ultrasonic extract contained 38.2 mg/g of zeaxanthin and then the column elution fractionation increased the zeaxanthin content to 41% (410.3 mg/g) with a recovery of 82.3%. The SAS precipitation at 215 bar, 50 ◦C for 24 min of injection time enhanced the zeaxanthin content to 58% (582.4 mg/g) with a recovery of 67.2%. Experimental results showed that the amount of zeaxanthin increased with total SAS time and feed concentration had an effect of enlarging the precipitates due to agglomeration and accumulation. The SAS precipitation of the column purified algal solution demonstrated a production of micro/nano-sized lamellar particulates that contained high amounts of zeaxanthin

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Activation Is Not the Main Contributor to Teratogenesis Elicited by Polar Compounds from Oxidized Frying Oil

We previously reported that polar compounds (PO) in cooking oil are teratogenic and perturbed retinoic acid (RA) metabolism. Considering PO as a potent peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) activator, this study aimed to investigate the role of PPARα in PO-induced teratogenesis and disturbance of RA metabolism. Female PPARα knockout or wild type mice were mated with males of the same genotype. Pregnant mice were fed a diet containing 10% fat from either fresh oil (FO) or PO from gestational day1 to day18, and killed at day18. The PO diet significantly increased the incidence of teratogenesis and fetal RA concentrations, regardless of genotype. Though PPARα deficiency disturbed maternal RA homeostasis, itself did not contribute to teratogenesis as long as FO diet was given. The mRNA profile of genes involved in RA metabolism was differentially affected by diet or genotype in mothers and fetuses. Based on hepatic mRNA levels of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism, we inferred that PO not only activated PPARα, but also altered transactivity of other xenobiotic receptors. We concluded that PO-induced fetal anomalies and RA accumulation were independent of PPARα activation

The Cholesterol-Modulating Effect of Methanol Extract of Pigeon Pea (<i>Cajanus cajan</i> (L.) Millsp.) Leaves on Regulating LDLR and PCSK9 Expression in HepG2 Cells

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) is a legume crop consumed as an indigenous vegetable in the human diet and a traditional medicinal plant with therapeutic properties. The current study highlights the cholesterol-modulating effect and underlying mechanisms of the methanol extract of Cajanus cajan L. leaves (MECC) in HepG2 cells. We found that MECC increased the LDLR expression, the cell-surface LDLR levels and the LDL uptake activity in HepG2 cells. We further demonstrated that MECC suppressed the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mRNA and protein expression, but not affected the expression of other cholesterol or lipid metabolism-related genes including inducible degrader of LDLR (IDOL), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), fatty acid synthase (FASN), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC1), and liver X receptor-&#945; (LXR-&#945;) in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MECC down-regulated the PCSK9 gene expression through reducing the amount of nuclear hepatocyte nuclear factor-1&#945; (HNF-1&#945;), a major transcriptional regulator for activation of PCSK9 promoter, but not that of nuclear sterol-responsive element binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) in HepG2 cells. Finally, we identified the cajaninstilbene acid, a main bioactive stilbene component in MECC, which significantly modulated the LDLR and PCSK9 expression in HepG2 cells. Our current data suggest that the cajaninstilbene acid may contribute to the hypocholesterolemic activity of Cajanus cajan L. leaves. Our findings support that the extract of Cajanus cajan L. leaves may serve as a cholesterol-lowering agent

由酒粕產製具有抗氧化及抑制酪氨酸酶活性的保健原料之方法

一種由酒粕產製具有抗氧化及抑制酪氨酸酶活性的保健原料之方法，主要是利用超臨界流體分離程序萃取黃酒粕的有效成分

超臨界流體結晶蜂膠中生化活性物質

本發明提供超臨界流體結晶蜂膠中生化活性物質，自巴西特級綠蜂膠原塊之乙醇萃出液中，純化生化抗癌物質。以批次及連續式超臨界反溶劑法，進行微粒化蜂膠乙醇萃取物之類黃酮、酚酸及阿特匹靈有效成分，並藉此結晶程序，提升其純度

由仙人掌產製具抑制低密度脂蛋白氧化及酪胺酸活性的保健原料之方法

一種由仙人掌產製具抑制低密度脂蛋白氧化及酪胺酸活性的保健原料之方法,主要是以化工分離程序萃取單離出仙人掌的有效成分層,並提升其對抑制低密度脂蛋白氧化及酪胺酸活性的效果,為其特徵者