The History of Scientific Evidence in Psychology: A Contextualized Analysis

The history of scientific evidence in psychology will be recounted through an in-depth analysis of the work of exemplar psychologists. Kant’s skepticism in regard to the validity of psychology as a science had an unintended effect of increasing quantitative experimentation in the field. Wundt’s laboratory and the testing movement worked to propel the field toward its eventual adoption of the scientific method. Trends embedded in the evidence presented by key theorists from each of the major schools of psychology from the twentieth century will be evaluated based on adherence to or rejection of the scientific method and quantitative evidence

The History of Scientific Evidence in Psychology: A Contextualized Analysis

The history of scientific evidence in psychology will be recounted through an in-depth analysis of the work of exemplar psychologists. Kant’s skepticism in regard to the validity of psychology as a science had an unintended effect of increasing quantitative experimentation in the field. Wundt’s laboratory and the testing movement worked to propel the field toward its eventual adoption of the scientific method. Trends embedded in the evidence presented by key theorists from each of the major schools of psychology from the twentieth century will be evaluated based on adherence to or rejection of the scientific method and quantitative evidence

Effects of Parent Training on Increased Knowledge and Changes in Perceptions Regarding Transition to Adulthood for Middle School Youth with Disabilities

Parents of children with severe/moderate disabilities experience uncertainty and a lack of knowledge as their children go through the transition to adulthood. Research has shown parents play a key role in their child\u27s postschool outcome success and that parent training and beginning transition preparation early are key predictors. This study examined the effects of parent training on parents\u27 knowledge, expectations, and action towards their child\u27s transition to adulthood. Participants consisted of parents of middle school youth with severe/moderate disabilities. The study measured parent knowledge, expectations, and actions. Procedures involved (a) a pretest administered to parents on their transition knowledge, (b) a training session highlighting successful examples of similar individuals with disabilities in the transition process, information on transition services, and action goals that participants can begin working on now; and (c) a posttest on parent knowledge and expectations. The mean scores on parent expectations and knowledge increased from the pretest to posttest. Additionally, parents were given an assignment to be completed after the training session as a measure of their action to assist their child towards transition. The researcher contacted participants 2 weeks following training to determine if the assignment was completed. Seventy-one percent of participants indicated they worked on their assignment during the 2-week follow-up phone call. Based on these results, parent training in this study was associated with increased parent expectations, knowledge, and actions

Balancing Opinions: The Effects on an Individual\u27s Romantic Relationship When Third Parties\u27 Opinions Collide

Previous researchers have established that social networks can influence an individual’s romantic relationship. Two studies examined whether one third party’s opinion was more influential than another when multiple parties’ opinions conflict or concur. The first study was a 2 (Parent Opinion: approval, disapproval) x 2 (Friend Opinion: approval, disapproval) between-subjects factorial design experimental survey which examined how third party opinions influenced an individual’s current romantic relationship state. Analyses revealed that both friend and parent opinion had significant effects on an individual’s romantic relationship. The second study incorporated a virtual dating game in which participants received feedback about one of their interaction partners. The study employed a 2 (Parent Opinion: good match, bad match) x 2 (Friend Opinion: good match, bad match) x 2 (Interaction Partner: Target, Control – within-subjects) mixed factorial design. Friend opinion emerged as playing an important role in individuals’ perceptions and choices of a potential romantic partner

Constructed Sites ad Collective Memory: A Proposal for Lower Manhattan\u27s African Burial Ground

Architecture should be a derivative of site. As constructed sites, Archaeological sites pose an interesting dilemma with architecture: How does one approach an archaeological site with architecture? What operation best suits the site? The African Burial Ground is an exceptional example of a constructed site as well as the expression of the public’s desire to remember and signify this sacred site. Public request for these associations should result in site-derived architecture. Facilitating architecture as a derivative of site produces an expressive built form of culture, history and temporality. To derive architectural form from the African Burial Ground I will use a process of uncovery, discovery, and recovery. Through researching the history of the site and of the city, I will uncover the site. To discover the site I will use Anthropological and Archaeological analyses. These analyses will aide cultural, historical and temporal knowledge. I will recover the site to the collective memory of Lower Manhattan by re-representing the artifacts and the site itself

The Seventh Circuit Finds the Fundamental Right to Marry Includes the Right to Choose One\u27s Spouse, Even in Prison

In recent years, the Supreme Court has continuously reiterated the importance of the right to marry, finding it to be a fundamental right protected by the Constitution. Activists across the nation have celebrated the Court\u27s continued protection of this fundamental right as it has expanded the rights of same-sex couples. What has received somewhat less attention is how the Court\u27s right to marry doctrine has affected a different segment of the population—prisoners. In the United States, there are currently 2.2 million people serving time in our nation\u27s prisons or jails. For many of us, prisoners are people we would rather not think about. These are individuals who have violated the laws of our society. However, these individuals still have rights protected by the Constitution, and that we cannot ignore. In a case involving facts that could be right out of the hit show Orange is the New Black, the Seventh Circuit recently confronted the question of how to define a prisoner\u27s right to marry. In Riker v. Lemmon, the Seventh Circuit addressed the question of whether prisoners have a fundamental right to marry. The Seventh Circuit also reviewed the constitutionality of a prison regulation that prohibited a former employee of the prison from marrying a prisoner who was housed at the same facility where the former employee had worked. The Supreme Court has articulated a standard for reviewing a prisoner\u27s claim that their constitutional rights have been violated. The test is a four-factor reasonableness test to determine whether there is a valid rational connection between the regulation and a legitimate government interest. The other factors to be considered are whether there are alternative means of exercising the right, what impact accommodating the right would have on the prison environment, and if there are easy alternatives to the regulation. Courts should be cautious in determining whether there is a rational connection between the regulation and a legitimate government interest. It is important that courts do not substitute their own judgment regarding prison regulations for those of the prison administration without giving due course to the balance between protecting the prisoner\u27s constitutional rights and the need to maintain a safe and secure prison environment. The Seventh Circuit\u27s recent decision in Riker illustrates these principles. This Article argues that the Seventh Circuit erred by failing to acknowledge the prison\u27s security justifications for preventing a former employee from marrying a prisoner. Instead of simply focusing on the first factor of the test, the court should have more fully analyzed the other factors. Although the court erred in its analysis, in the end it reached the correct conclusion. Here, an analysis of the other factors demonstrates that the regulation was unconstitutional because the prison could have transferred the prisoner to a different prison to alleviate any security-related concerns with de minimis impact on the prison environment

The Seventh Circuit Finds the Fundamental Right to Marry Includes the Right to Choose One\u27s Spouse, Even in Prison

In recent years, the Supreme Court has continuously reiterated the importance of the right to marry, finding it to be a fundamental right protected by the Constitution. Activists across the nation have celebrated the Court\u27s continued protection of this fundamental right as it has expanded the rights of same-sex couples. What has received somewhat less attention is how the Court\u27s right to marry doctrine has affected a different segment of the population—prisoners. In the United States, there are currently 2.2 million people serving time in our nation\u27s prisons or jails. For many of us, prisoners are people we would rather not think about. These are individuals who have violated the laws of our society. However, these individuals still have rights protected by the Constitution, and that we cannot ignore. In a case involving facts that could be right out of the hit show Orange is the New Black, the Seventh Circuit recently confronted the question of how to define a prisoner\u27s right to marry. In Riker v. Lemmon, the Seventh Circuit addressed the question of whether prisoners have a fundamental right to marry. The Seventh Circuit also reviewed the constitutionality of a prison regulation that prohibited a former employee of the prison from marrying a prisoner who was housed at the same facility where the former employee had worked. The Supreme Court has articulated a standard for reviewing a prisoner\u27s claim that their constitutional rights have been violated. The test is a four-factor reasonableness test to determine whether there is a valid rational connection between the regulation and a legitimate government interest. The other factors to be considered are whether there are alternative means of exercising the right, what impact accommodating the right would have on the prison environment, and if there are easy alternatives to the regulation. Courts should be cautious in determining whether there is a rational connection between the regulation and a legitimate government interest. It is important that courts do not substitute their own judgment regarding prison regulations for those of the prison administration without giving due course to the balance between protecting the prisoner\u27s constitutional rights and the need to maintain a safe and secure prison environment. The Seventh Circuit\u27s recent decision in Riker illustrates these principles. This Article argues that the Seventh Circuit erred by failing to acknowledge the prison\u27s security justifications for preventing a former employee from marrying a prisoner. Instead of simply focusing on the first factor of the test, the court should have more fully analyzed the other factors. Although the court erred in its analysis, in the end it reached the correct conclusion. Here, an analysis of the other factors demonstrates that the regulation was unconstitutional because the prison could have transferred the prisoner to a different prison to alleviate any security-related concerns with de minimis impact on the prison environment

Writing that Values Multiple Ways of Knowing: Supporting Early Career Teachers’ Efforts to Promote Literacy Development

Early career secondary English teachers manage challenges that complicate their efforts to support students’ literacy development, including feelings of inadequacy as teachers. This paper focuses on low-stakes writing strategies that teachers might use to promote literacy development in the classroom and decrease their feelings of inadequacy. The authors, Lauren and Heather, use the lenses of dialogic pedagogy and the reflective turn to draw upon literature on the blending of reading and writing instruction and elements of autoethnography to examine their efforts to support students’ literacy development. Working from the literature and pedagogical reflections, the authors offer suggestions for instructional practice teachers can use to support students’ literacy development. Key findings explore multiple ways of knowing and low-stakes writing activities