Cambridge, Trinity College, R.15.32: Computistica; Calendar; Hyginus, "Poeticon astronomicon"; Helpericus, "Expositio compoti"; Cicero, "Aratea"; etc.

84. Cambridge, Trinity College, R.15.32 (945) Computistica; Calendar; Hyginus, "Poeticon astronomicon"; Helpericus, "Expositio compoti"; Cicero, "Aratea"; etc. [Ker 90, Gneuss 186] HISTORY: The book is composed of two parts. Part 1, pp. 1-12 and 37-218, contains computistical and astrological texts, including work by Abbo of Fleury which was, according to van de Vyver (1935: 140-50), written in England. This part is written in Anglo-Caroline minuscule of the early 11c. Part 2, pp. 13-36, contains a calendar and computistical material, including an Easter Table for 1025-1086, with a rough drypoint cross against the year 1036; Robinson (1988: 99) states that it was customary to put such a cross against the year next after the one in which the calendar was made, i.e., the relevant pages were written in 1035. Keynes (1992: 31) suggests that both parts of the book originated at New Minster, Winchester, as hands of both parts can be located at that house and the calendar is of Winchester use; further, he suggests, the two parts were presumably brought together there, as pp. i, 37, 38, originally blank, have had further calendrical texts added. However, the book was soon moved to St Augustine's, Canterbury, since additions to the calendar suggest its presence there before the end of 11c. Listed by its second folio ("esse locatum") in the late 15c catalogue of St. Augustine's (no. 1157, James 1903: 329): "Astrologia abbonis monachi et in eodem libro | astrologia Nignn [Higini] philosophi | astrologia Marciani capelle | Compotus helperici doctissimi et | figuraciones signorum abbonis." James (1900-1904: 2.364) notes 16c inscription on back fly verso 'Alexander Baker'. Given to Trinity College by George Willmer, ca. 1610 (inscription on inside front cover and arms stamped on binding)

Cambridge, Trinity College, O.2.31: Prosper, "Epigrammata"; "Disticha Catonis"; Bede, "De die iudicii"; Prudentius, "Dittochaeon"

89. Cambridge, Trinity College, 0.2.31 (1135) Prosper, "Epigrammata"; "Disticha Catonis"; Bede, "De die iudicii"; Prudentius, "Dittochaeon" [Ker 95, Gneuss 190] HISTORY: Written in Anglo-Caroline minuscule of the 10c. James (1900-1904: 3.129) finds two hands: Bishop and Keynes (1992:26) identify the scribe of the "Disticha Catonis" with Bishop's Christ Church scribe (iv), and the Bede with Bishop's scribe (vii). The Prosper is identified as having been written by several hands. Most of these, along with Bishop's (iv) and (vii), also appear in Cambridge, Trinity College, B.4.27, and two in B.14.3 [78]. The initials are also stylistically closely related to those in B.14.3. For these reasons, the book is presumed to have been written at Christ Church, Canterbury. James (1903: x, cf. p. 11), in an addendum, tentatively calls attention to an item in a Christ Church catalogue in CUL Ii.3.12 (ca. 1170), no. 158: "Cato. Prosper. Sedulius. Prudentius. Arator. in uno uolumine." Some of the Latin glosses in the Prosper and "Disticha Catonis" are syntactic, suggesting that the book may have been used for teaching Latin (Wieland 1985:163-64). There are numerous OE glosses, including 13 scratched glosses. Across the top of ff. 42v, 41r (as originally ordered), a chant in honor of StJEthelthryth of Ely has been written in a hand of 11c, with French neumes. This may suggest that the manuscript went to Ely. The manuscript was given to Trinity College by Roger Gale in 1738

Cambridge, Trinity College, O.2.30: 1: Isidoran collection; 2: Eadmer, ''Vita S. Dunstani"; 3: "Regula S. Benedicti," alphabetical exhortations

88. Cambridge, Trinity College, 0.2.30 (1134) 1: Isidoran collection; 2: Eadmer, ''Vita S. Dunstani"; 3: "Regula S. Benedicti," alphabetical exhortations [Part 3: Ker 94, Gneuss 189] HISTORY: This book combines three separate and unrelated manuscripts: Part 1, ff. 1-72, late 11c or early 12c, writings of Isidore of Seville; Part 2, ff. 73-128, 12c, Eadmer's "Vita S. Dunstani" (not Osbern's, pace James 1900-1904: 3.127); Part 3, ff. 129-172, mid-10c, "Regula S. Benedicti," preceded by a list of sins and followed by four "sermons." The "Regula," the oldest A-S copy of the Latin reciptus mixed-text recension (see Gretsch 1974: 128-3737; also Gretsch 1973: 22-24 et passim), has Latin glosses, which are collected together at the end of each section; there are also OE glosses. Part 3 of the manuscript (ff. 129-172) was presumably written at St. Augustine's, Canterbury; its other parts (ff. 1-128) once belonged to the priory of St. Mary Overeys at Southwark. Bishop (1957: 324-26) considers the hand of Part 3 to be maturer work by the same scribe as that of Trinity College 0.4.10 Quvenal, s. xmed, St. Augustine's, Canterbury) and B.11.2 [77] (Amalarius, s. xmed, St. Augustine's, later provenance Exeter). The Rule and the unrelated manuscript from Southwark (ff. 1-128) were lot 45 in the John Humphry of Rothwell sale, 4 Decemb

Cambridge, Trinity College, R.5.22: 1) Bede, "Ecclesiastical History," with OE "Caedmon's Hymn"; Cuthbert's "Epistola Cuthberti," with OE "Bede's Death Song"; 2) Lives of Saints; 3) King Alfred's OE "Cura Pastoralis"

81. Cambridge, Trinity College, R.5.22 (717) 1) Bede, "Ecclesiastical History," with OE "Caedmon's Hymn"; Cuthbert's "Epistola Cuthberti," with OE "Bede's Death Song"; 2) Lives of Saints; 3) King Alfred's OE "Cura Pastoralis" [Part 1: RS 2.11, 3.18; Part 3: Ker 87, Gneuss 180] HISTORY: A composite volwne of three originally separate manuscripts: Part 1 (ff. 1-43) is a 14c copy of Bede's "Ecclesiastical History"; Part 2 (ff. 44- 71) is a 12c collection of Saints' Lives; Part 3 (ff. 72-158) is a late 10c or early 11c century copy of King Alfred's OE translation of Gregory the Great's "Cura Pastoralis," lacking Alfred's prose preface. This copy of the "Historia Ecclesiastica" was used by Wheelock in his 1643 edition, quoted as "MS. T" 0ames 1900-04: 2.190). Part 3 (OE "Cura Pastoralis") shows Archbishop Parker's partly legible name in red pencil (in top margin of f. 72r is written a name that has been transcribed "Matthew Parker"; it is scarcely legible in parts, and it is not certain that it is "Matthew" rather than "Matthaeus"). Also, in hand of 16c, the Parkerian inscription 'Hie ipsus liber est quern Aluredus Rex misit ad Eccl( esi)am Syreburnensem I quern et transtulit e pastorali G · r' egorii La tine in Anglicwn'. "The statement that this is a Sherborne book, which cannot be deduced from anything in the manuscript, and the fact that the originally independent manuscript which precedes the OE on ff. 44-71 previously belonged to OohnJewel, bishop of Salisbury (1560-1571)], make it probable that, as Wanley surmised (1705: 168), this ... is the OE manuscript which Jewel sent to Parker from Salisbury library on 31 January 1568/9" (Ker, Cat., 133). But as Keynes (1992: 29) points out, Parker's attribution to Sherborne may be an inference drawn from the undoubted Sherborne connections of Cambridge University Library Ii.2.4 [99] or may "reflect a genuine tradition (in so far as it applied to an ancestor of R. 5. 22)." The fact that the Parkerian inscription occurs at the beginning of the Alfredian translation suggests that the three parts may have been bound together after they came into Parker's possession. The entire composite manuscript is listed as no. 8 among John Parker's manuscripts (Lambeth Palace MS 737, f. 153v). "It was given to the college in the seventeenth century, but it is not known by whom" (Keynes 1992: 29); James (1900-04: 2.189) speculates "Given by ?Neville or Parker(?)." The inscription by John Jewel on f. 43r (see below) would seem to indicate that the sanctorale (Part 2) at least is from Salisbury. Binding leather, of 18c or 19c, recently repaired

Cambridge, Trinity College, O.2.1: Ely Kalendar, "Historia Eliensis lnsulae," "Inquisitio Eliensis," Lives of Ely Saints

87. Cambridge, Trinity College, 0.2.1 (1105) Ely Kalendar, "Historia Eliensis lnsulae," "Inquisitio Eliensis," Lives of Ely Saints [Ker 93, Gneuss--] HISTORY: Made at Ely Cathedral Priory. The book is prefaced by an Ely Kalendar, the obits of which locate the date of the manuscript to 1173 (canonization of St. Thomas Becket) x 1189 (death of Bishop Geoffrey Ridel, for whom no obit appears) (Robinson 1988: 100); the main content is the earliest copy of the "Historia Eliensis Insulae," or "Liber Eliensis" (Blake's "E"; for the character of this work, see the "History" section of Ely Cathedral 1/1 [127], Blake's "F"); this is followed by an "Inquisitio Eliensis" and lives of Ely saints. The "Liber" is concluded by a passio of St. Thomas Becket which provides a terminus post quem of 1173. Blake (1962: xxiii-xxiv) suggested that much of the "Liber" may be in the hand of its compiler, whom he thinks could have been Richard, prior of Ely from 1177 to sometime between 1189 and 1194; since there is no mention of Bishop Nigel's successor, Blake would put the terminus ante quem at 1174 (1962: xlviii). F. [IIr] has the following class marks: 'n" 114', 'B. 48' (cancelled), 'O. 16. 38' (cancelled), 'O. 2. 1 '. F. lr has a variety of annotations, some of which may be evidential for the history of the MS. In right hand margin a mark resembling a cross of Lorraine which James (1900-1904: 3.79) says occurs in other Ely MSS. In top margin in hand of 16c 'Caius Antiq(uus) Cantabri. p. 1611. 5'. In hand of 17c 'V. Histor: Eliens | in Cott. Bibi. | Nero A .... .' [sic, 5 dots], presumably a reference to the work known as "Chronicon Abbatum et Episcoporum Eliensium" in London, British Library, Cotton Nero A. xv and A. xvi. In top right hand comer, two further annotations, cancelled and then rubbed out; a third in the series is visible, 'v. p. 86 I. 3'. In the right hand margin, above the library mark, in a 17c hand, 'Extat inter I Acta Benedicti | norum, per | Lucam Dache I rium, sed im I perfecte'. In top left hand comer, a mark 'F EB B'. Robinson (1988: 100) notes the added obit of 'Ioh<an>is de Crawden<sis> p<ri>or<is> Elyen<sis>' (1321-1341) at 24 September. Belonged to Thomas Gale. Given to Trinity College by his son Roger Gale in 1738

Cambridge, Trinity College, B.14.3: Arator, "De actibus apostolorum"; Dunstan Acrostic

78. Cambridge, Trinity College, B.14.3 (289) Arator, "De actibus apostolorum"; Dunstan Acrostic [Ker 85, Gneuss 175] HISTORY: A copy of Arator's 6c poem "De Actibus Apostolorum" (NfcKinlay's "C" in Class I of the "coclicum meliorum" (1951: xlii]), written in English Caroline minuscule by several scribes s. x/xi (Keynes 1992: 27). The origin is Christ Church, Canterbury, as shown by the scribe who wrote ff. 22v/5-23r/4 (Bishop's xv; see 1963: 114-16), whose hand appears elsewhere in London, British Library, Royal 6. A. VI (288] (Aldhelm; Gneuss 464), in the marginal gloss in Oxford, BodleianL ibrary, Auct. F. I. 15 [343], pt. i (Boethius; Gneuss 533), and in King Æthelred's charter for Muchelney Abbey (Sawyer 1968: 884). The mark "FF" (above a later shelf-mark, 'Distinctio ii, Gradus xiii') on f. Sr (Keynes 1992: Plate XVI) locates the book at Christ Church in the 12c, James (1903: 506, 25) identifying it as no. 79 in the list of Prior Eastry (1284-1331), "Arator de Actibus apostolorum Petri et Pauli, libri ii." There is an interlinear gloss running throughout the text, and a marginal gloss. In ff. 1-25 a system of syntactical glosses using patterns of dots and letters above words suggests the manuscript may have been used for teaching Latin. The manuscript was given to Trinity College by George Willmer, ca. 1610; his arms are stamped on the binding. On the inside front cover is a cancelled class mark 'R.10.4', current class mark 'B.XIV.3' and a Trinity College bookplate. On first paper flyleaf is, 'B.14.3 | Arator de Acti<bus> | Ap<os>to<lorum> Petri | & | Pauli' in a 19c hand. On the verso of a parchment slip at the beginning of the manuscript, ruled as though for a music stave, is the following, scarcely legible, as transcribed by James: "Ericus Benzelius Suevus contuli hunc librum MS praestantissimum cum impressis. 1700. m. Junio." The annotator "was Bishop ofLinkjoping, and chief Librarian ofUppsala. His projected edition of Ara tor never appeared" Qames 1900-1904: 1.405)

London, British Library Cotton Vitellius C. viii: ff. 85-90 with 76. Cambridge, Trinity College B.10.5 Composite manuscript of nine parts including: A-S Computus, ff. 22-25 (K.er 221); A-S Patristic extracts, ff. 85-90 (Ker 83); Kent Domesday, ff. 143-156

255. London, British Library Cotton Vitellius C. viii ff. 85-90 with 76. Cambridge, Trinity College B.10.5 Composite manuscript of nine parts including: A-S Computus, ff. 22-25 (K.er 221); A-S Patristic extracts, ff. 85-90 (Ker 83); Kent Domesday, ff. 143-156 [K.er 83/221; Gneuss 173/404] HISTORY: A compilation of nine separate unrelated items, ranging from the Sc to 14c, two of A-S date. The 212 leaves, damaged in the fire of 1731, were separately remounted in 19c paper frames on which the official foliation (187 5) is written. Ker, Cat., p. 292, dates the A-S ff 22-25 to "s. xi 1 ," noting its close relation, perhaps as exemplar, to Cotton Vitellius E. xviii [258), probably a Winchester book of the mid-1 lc. Part 1 (ff 4-21) has been abstracted from a 12c Orosius/Dares Phrygius manuscript that once belonged to Rievaulx, Royal 6 C.viii (Warner and Gilson 1921:1.146). The ensemble belonged to Cotton in 1621, as mentioned in Cotton's record of loans, Harley 6018, no. '169'. The table of contents on f. 2r, showing essentially the contents of the present manuscript, is in the hand of Richard James, Cotton's librarian ca. 1625-1638 (see Tite 1994: fig. 25). The leaves from the Trinity manuscript (ff 85-90) are of the Sc and were abstracted sometime before the earl

A Review of Aerothermal Modeling for Mars Entry Missions

The current status of aerothermal analysis for Mars entry missions is reviewed. The aeroheating environment of all Mars missions to date has been dominated by convective heating. Two primary uncertainties in our ability to predict forebody convective heating are turbulence on a blunt lifting cone and surface catalysis in a predominantly CO2 environment. Future missions, particularly crewed vehicles, will encounter additional heating from shock-layer radiation due to a combination of larger size and faster entry velocity. Localized heating due to penetrations or other singularities on the aeroshell must also be taken into account. The physical models employed to predict these phenomena are reviewed, and key uncertainties or deficiencies inherent in these models are explored. Capabilities of existing ground test facilities to support aeroheating validation are also summarized. Engineering flight data from the Viking and Pathfinder missions, which may be useful for aerothermal model validation, are discussed, and an argument is presented for obtaining additional flight data. Examples are taken from past, present, and future Mars entry missions, including the twin Mars Exploration Rovers and the Mars Science Laboratory, scheduled for launch by NASA in 2011

Sub-Arc Second 2 Centimeter Continuum and SiO Spectral Line Observations of R Aquarii

ub-arc second (- 0\u27.\u2715) VLA observations at 2 em have resolved the previously reported 6 em H II region, which engulfs the R Aquarii binary system, into two components. The stronger 2 em component is itself partially resolved (distorted in shape), which may be a consequence of the long-period variable (LPV) wind being subjected to the intense ionizing radiation field of the hot companion\u27s accretion disk, which we suspect is precessing. The distorted radio contours of the central H II region may also suggest that one hemisphere of the extended LPV envelope is directly illuminated by the intense radiation field of the accretion disk, owing to the orientation of the disk. The accretion disk can be formed by tidal mass exchange between the LPV and hot companion, which results in blobs of material periodically being expelled primarily in the northeast direction. Together with the VLA results, we report SiO observations obtained with the Hat Creek interferometer that suggest maser action occurs in the circumbinary nebulosity far removed from the LPV photosphere