A systematic review on LGBTIQ intimate partner violence from a Western perspective

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as experienced by minority populations is poorly understood. Within the Western world, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex, and Queer or Questioning LGBTIQ population is one such group which suffers from misrepresentations and misunderstandings. In Western nations, IPV is primarily constructed as perpetrated by men and experienced by women. However, for the LGBTIQ population, this dichotomous view of IPV is inaccurate and invalidating. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the level of LGBTIQ inclusivity within IPV discourses in the Western world as discussed in peer-reviewed literature. In particular, the review sought to understand how media, advocacy, policy, and legislation shape LGBTIQ IPV experiences and resulting discourses. The literature search was conducted between June 2018 and January 2019. The search included five electronic databases in psychology, health, and social sciences. Of the 206 articles identified by the search, 21 were reviewed. The review analyzed literature using a thematic approach. Eight key themes emerged, indicating media, legislation, policy, and advocacy are not entirely inclusive concerning LGBTIQ IPV. The review found that pervasive attitudes like heterosexism, cissexism, homophobia, transphobia, and biphobia reinforce institutional barriers and limited LGBTIQ IPV reporting. In addition, the review found low service and provider competency levels, and more broadly, the research was limited. It is likely that heteronormative frameworks and discourses mean many aspects of LGBTIQ IPV are still under-researched. Without a more robust inclusion of diversity in discourses on IPV, services and supports for LGBTIQ people will continue to be limited and based on heteronormative frameworks of victimhood

LGBTIQ CALD people's experiences of intimate partner violence : a systematic literature review

Abstract: Background: Experience of surviving intimate partner violence (IPV) is well documented in research, policing practices, newspapers, and awareness campaigns domestically and internationally. Arguably, those who have survived IPV and have their experiences reflected within society undergo a transformative experience of empowerment. As society recognises and validates their experience has occurred, and responds to it, accordingly, as some survivors have targeted services and interventions to assist in this transformation. However, for LGBTIQ-identifying peoples, experiences of IPV are poorly understood in contemporary society, which is further exacerbated for LGBTIQ-identifying CALD people as they continue to remain hidden. Aim and objective: The systematic literature review aims to explore the experiences of this group in their development of resilience following an abusive and violent relationship. Methods: Of the potential 230 identified studies, 5 studies met the eligibility criteria. In line with the eligibility criteria, these studies were first reviewed by title, then by abstract and then by full text. Of those studies which the research team deemed relevant for inclusion, their reference lists where also reviewed to determine if any further relevant studies could be identified using this strategy. As a result of the above process, five (5) studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. Results: From data extraction, three major themes emerged: Intimate Partner Violence as Experienced by LGBTIQ survivors, Marginalised Identity and Types of Survivorship. While refined, these themes capture a more robust set of sub-themes that identify the diverse ways in which LGBTIQ survivors experience responses to their victimised status as experienced in IPV situations. Conclusions: Overall, the review found that resilient outcomes for LGBTIQ CALD survivors remain misunderstood and missing within the literature. There is a propensity to focus on negative coping strategies and an exclusive focus on LGBTIQ CALD vulnerabilities. Future research requires investigation into strategies and support that move beyond coping to include resilient outcomes and support systems that allow manifestations of resilience

From the world to Western : a community-engaged teaching strategy to enhance students’ learning of cultural issues relevant to healthcare

Using the transformational learning theory and action research method, this study captured the experiences of students from health-related disciplines in the cultural immersion program From the World to Western. A total of nine students participated in the pilot program with four host families from Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds, and four cultural facilitators who connected the host families and students. The findings of this research showed that it was beneficial for students in health-related disciplines to engage in the cultural immersion program to further prepare them for culturally competent care in their future roles as healthcare professionals. In addition, the students indicated the need for the cultural immersion program to be part of the curriculum for future students to develop cultural skills, awareness and encounters with diverse populations

Intimate partner violence and global public health

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) remains a misunderstood and underutilized concept to explain why violence occurs in intimate relationships. Current understandings of IPV continue to be conflated with other forms of violence such as sexual violence. This chapter interrogates the shortcomings of how the World Health Organization continues to undermine the legitimacy of robust and inclusive discourse surrounding who the victims and offenders are and who is excluded from their representation. Through the lens of intersectionality in terms of identity and institutional intersections, this chapter unpacks groups of marginalized individuals who remain hidden and invisible in contemporary conversations concerning IPV. While the chapter discusses these in traditional silos, readers are encouraged to consider what multiple forms of diversity look like in IPV outcomes and when the nexus of these identities coalesce how individuals are treated when multiple forces continue to render them invisible or pretend to include them in an illusionary attempt of being inclusive

Mark Frezzo, The Sociology of Human Rights: An Introduction (Polity Press, 2015), ISBN 978-0-7456-6011-0, 192 pages

Book review: The Sociology of Human Rights: An Introduction offers an alternative perspective to the traditional approaches and understanding from the growing complexities of human rights as a field of study. As such, this book is well situated to help transform this field. Within each chapter, Mark Frezzo provides a comprehensive discussion of the many dimensions related to human rights. In addition, Frezzo suggests that, until recently, sociology and human rights have not been investigated together. Due to the growing complexities and challenges facing the world, Frezzo insists that it is important to place the study of human rights within a sociological framework. For example, though human rights belong to every person, the equal distribution of rights is not always plausible. Frezzo claims that a sociological investigation of this type of problem will create new knowledge in regards to the utility and deployment of human rights. Additionally, Frezzo further claims that if human rights are to be maintained on a global scale, a globally binding framework for human rights can exist. That said, cultural pluralism protects the worlds many cultures, and human rights must consider the dichotomy between western and nonwestern, and secular and non-secular. Notably, this field of study, (being the sociology of human rights) as described by Frezzo, uses a pluralistic framework drawing on various theoretical and methodological underpinnings to explore human rights from diverse sociological perspectives. Frezzo postulates that both quantitative and qualitative methodologies can be utilized to effectively engage with this new school of thought. Therefore, the overall structure of this book review will follow the logical sequence as outlined within The Sociology of Human Rights: An Introduction

Health for all? : a global health approach for justice reinvestment and Indigenous people

Crime and violence are part of the make-up of the social determinants of health. Addressing the root causes of violence within any community is at the heart of public health concerns. However, crime and violence are not always considered within a health framework. This can be detrimental for minority groups, such as Indigenous populations, who encounter some of the highest rates of contact with the criminal justice system of any given population, while also attributing to poorer health outcomes and other social determinants of health. This chapter proposes a new global health framework that can address these gaps. For health equity to be achieved, the chapter demonstrates why it is important to embed Indigenous perspectives of health – including Indigenous perspectives and approaches to crime and violence. After exploring Indigenous perspectives of health, it showcases how Indigenous people in Australia have addressed crime and violence as determinants of health through justice reinvestment, showcasing the Maranguka project in Bourke. The chapter identifies how this approach achieved numerous positive outcomes including moving toward health equity, which aligns with global public health outcomes. While the approach is centered locally, the possibilities and replicability of this approach are underpinned by the global health definition which is about action and collaboration to achieve health equity

The ethics of vaccines during COVID-19 : a global public health approach through Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that advocates for the greatest good concerning the greatest number of people. It is broken down into two branches: Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Act Utilitarianism proposes that people should always act in ways that will achieve the greatest good or happiness for the majority involved. Rule Utilitarianism follows the same principle but proposes that people should follow the established rules, as prescribed by authorities, to achieve greater outcomes. While these philosophical frameworks are not often discussed in the context of global public health, they still influence and provide a rationale as to why people should be aware of health issues that transcend nation-state borders. Utilizing COVID-19 as a case study, this chapter unpacks a Utilitarian perspective in relation to vaccine access, rationales for vaccination, and the distribution of vaccines within Australia, to develop a cohesive framework for vaccine rollouts in developing nations. The further commentary reflects the promotion of vaccines as acting in one’s best self-interest and the abuses of religiosity, which both contribute to vaccine hesitancy and misinformation on COVID-19. These occur in resistance to a Utilitarian approach to addressing pandemics as a global health issue. The authors of this chapter posit that when addressing COVID-19, a Rule Utilitarianism approach is needed to overcome misinformation and vaccine hesitancy, with improvements to health literacy, when creating a uniform approach to global public health issues

Culture, Diversity, and Criminal Justice: Towards Culturally Safe Criminal Justice Systems

This ground-breaking textbook engages readers in conversation about responding to the effects of diversity within formal criminal justice systems in Westernized nation-states. Moving past a binary concept of diversity that involves only race and gender, this book elaborates upon a wide variety of other forms of diversity, including sexuality, disability, mental health, gendered identity, refugees, the young and the ageing, and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) peoples, with an awareness of how intersecting identities make some people more vulnerable than others. With reported statistics providing only a snapshot of the incongruent experiences of diverse minorities in contact with criminal justice systems, there is a clear need for nuanced training and accessible information regarding diversity in criminal justice. The book examines diversity in terms of both criminal justice agents and justice-involved individuals such as people in prison, those convicted of crimes, the victimized, and the community. This volume brings together a group of international scholars to articulate on each of the identified populations, examining the effect of culture and diversity on criminal justice outcomes and outlining how those diverse perspectives can improve criminal justice service delivery overall. Incorporating case studies, reflections, and activity questions, this book is a valuable resource for courses in criminology, criminal justice, corrections, and law enforcement, and is ideal for any program focusing on multiculturalism and diversity in criminal justice. Scholars, researchers, and professionals will also benefit from the analysis

Intersectionality : the way forward for culture, diversity, and criminology within criminal justice systems

Intersectionality has been understood as layered identities contributing to the whole person. As discussed in Chapter 1, the more intersecting identities a person has, the more susceptible they are to certain experiences of marginalization. We have advocated that for cultural safety to be implemented into the practice, it must be underscored by cultural competence and its five constructs, with consideration of intersectionality. However, we further acknowledge that when addressing intersectionality agents may face limitations and barriers, impacting on their ability to deliver cultural safety. These limitations and barriers can include occurrences of Oppression Olympics, moral gatekeeping, and microaggressions. To compensate for these challenges, agents may adopt a neutral practice, from which we elaborate how this can impact on cultural safety and be overcome by examples of cultural competence skills/practices. We conclude this chapter by exploring an Australian-based, justice reinvestment case study—the Maranguka Project—to demonstrate how considerations of intersectionality and cultural competence practice can lead to cultural safety

Introduction to culture, diversity, and criminal justice

Many scholars offer critical debates on how the CJS is experienced through the lens of race and gender only, pertaining to both agents and consumer. However, consumers and agents all have intersecting identities beyond the scope of race and gender. The terms culture and diversity are significantly nuanced, underscoring a perceivable need to reflect on the personal and institutional benefits of being connected to more than one cultural and diverse group. Culture encompasses many shared and intersecting experiences and identities, such as traditions, dress, rituals, arts, norms, and daily behaviors. Accordingly, Herbert ascribes that while this term is likely to be associated with health care, it is a pertinent description of an approach that should be considered by all institutions, including those of criminal justice. Gaining cultural competence can be a complex process for all professions, from which Cross et al. suggests engagement in this process occurs on a continuum