405 research outputs found
Some aspects of association and development of Lytocestus indicus Moghe in catfish Clarias batrachus (Lin.)
Some aspects of association and development of the caryophyllid cestode Lytocestus indicus Moghe, 1925 infecting the catfish Clarias batrachus (Linn.) from the Kailla Beel of Mymensingh, Bangladesh were studied. About 33.14% of Clarias batrachus were infected with a mean intensity of 3.75, mean density 1.25. The infection was not found throughout the year. Two seasonal occurrence of this cestode were observed, one in April-May and the other in August-September. However, maturation period of the worm coincided with the maturation of the host. The worm was found attached to the wall of the intestine of the host. At the site of attachment tissue layers were compressed due to mechanical injuries. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection increased with length groups. No variation in infection was significantly observed in different sexes of the host examined
ALMA and VLA Observations: Evidence for Ongoing Low-mass Star Formation near Sgr A*
Using the VLA, we recently detected a large number of protoplanetary disk
(proplyd) candidates lying within a couple of light years of the massive black
hole Sgr A*. The bow-shock appearance of proplyd candidates point toward the
young massive stars located near Sgr A*. Similar to Orion proplyds, the strong
UV radiation from the cluster of massive stars at the Galactic center is
expected to photoevaporate and photoionize the circumstellar disks around
young, low mass stars, thus allowing detection of the ionized outflows from the
photoionized layer surrounding cool and dense gaseous disks. To confirm this
picture, ALMA observations detect millimeter emission at 226 GHz from five
proplyd candidates that had been detected at 44 and 34 GHz with the VLA. We
present the derived disk masses for four sources as a function of the assumed
dust temperature. The mass of protoplanetary disks from cool dust emission
ranges between 0.03 -- 0.05 solar mass. These estimates are consistent with the
disk masses found in star forming sites in the Galaxy. These measurements show
the presence of on-going star formation with the implication that gas clouds
can survive near Sgr A* and the relative importance of high vs low-mass star
formation in the strong tidal and radiation fields of the Galactic center.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, MNRAS (in press
Proper Motion of H2O Masers in IRAS 20050+2720 MMS1: An AU Scale Jet Associated with An Intermediate-Mass Class 0 Source
We conducted a 4 epoch 3 month VLBA proper motion study of HO masers
toward an intermediate-mass class 0 source IRAS 20050+2720 MMS1 (d=700 pc).
From milli-arcsecond (mas) resolution VLBA images, we found two groups of H2O
maser spots at the center of the submillimeter core of MMS1. One group consists
of more than intense maser spots; the other group consisting of
several weaker maser spots is located at 18 AU south-west of the intense group.
Distribution of the maser spots in the intense group shows an arc-shaped
structure which includes the maser spots that showed a clear velocity gradient.
The spatial and velocity structures of the maser spots in the arc-shape did not
significantly change through the 4 epochs. Furthermore, we found a relative
proper motion between the two groups. Their projected separation increased by
1.13+/-0.11 mas over the 4 epochs along a line connecting them. The spatial and
velocity structures of the intense group and the relative proper motions
strongly suggest that the maser emission is associated with a protostellar jet.
Comparing the observed LSR velocities with calculated radial velocities from a
simple biconical jet model, we conclude that the most of the maser emission are
likely to be associated with an accelerating biconical jet which has large
opening angle. The large opening angle of the jet traced by the masers would
support the hypothesis that poor jet collimation is an inherent property of
luminous (proto)stars.Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures, Fig.3 was downsized significantly. accepted for
publication in A&
Time-Resolved AU-Scale Jets Traced by Masers in the IRAS 4A/B Regions of NGC1333
We present results of VLBI observations of the water masers associated with
IRAS 4A and IRAS 4B in the NGC 1333 star-forming region taken in four epochs
over a two month period. Both objects have been classified as extremely young
sources and each source is known to be a multiple system. Using the Very Long
Baseline Array, we detected 35 masers in Epoch I, 40 masers in Epoch II, 35 in
Epoch III, and 24 in Epoch IV. Only one identified source in each system
associates with these masers. These data are used to calculate proper motions
for the masers and trace the jet outflows within 100 AU of IRAS 4A2 and IRAS
4BW. In IRAS 4A2 there are two groups of masers, one near the systemic cloud
velocity and one red-shifted. They expand linearly away from each other at
velocities of 53 km/s. In IRAS 4BW, masers are observed in two groups that are
blue-shifted and red-shifted relative to the cloud velocity. They form complex
linear structures with a thickness of 3 mas (1 AU at a distance of 320 pc) that
expand linearly away from each other at velocities of 78 km/s. Neither of the
jet outflows traced by the maser groups align with the larger scale outflows.
We suggest the presence of unresolved companions to both IRAS 4A2 and 4BW.Comment: Accepted by Ap
Deuterated Ammonia in Galactic Protostellar Cores
We report on a survey of \nh2d towards protostellar cores in low-mass star
formation and quiescent regions in the Galaxy. Twenty-three out of thirty-two
observed sources have significant (\gsim 5\sigma) \nh2d emission.
Ion-molecule chemistry, which preferentially enhances deuterium in molecules
above its cosmological value of \scnot{1.6}{-5} sufficiently explains these
abundances. NH2D/NH3 ratios towards Class 0 sources yields information about
the ``fossil remnants'' from the era prior to the onset of core collapse and
star formation. We compare our observations with predictions of gas-phase
chemical networks.Comment: 16 Pages, 7 Figures, Accepted to Ap.J., to appear in the June 20,
2001 editio
Changes in epidemiological patterns of sea lice infestation on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland between 1996 and 2006
Analyses of a unique database containing sea lice records over an 11 year period provide evidence of changing infestation patterns in Scotland. The data, collected from more than 50 commercial Atlantic salmon farms, indicate that both species of sea lice commonly found in Scotland, Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus elongatus, have declined on farms over the past decade. Reductions for both species have been particularly marked since 2001 when more effective veterinary medicines became available. Treatment data were also available in the database and these show a growing trend towards the use of the in feed medication emamectin benzoate (Slice), particularly in the first year of the salmon production cycle. However, this trend to wards single product use has not been sustained in 2006, the latest year for which data are available. There is some evidence of region to region variation within Scotland with the Western Isles experiencing higher levels of infestation. However, compared to the levels observed between 1996 and 2000, all regions have benefited from reduced lice infestation, with the overall pattern showing a particular reduction in the second and third quarters of the second year of production
Dissection of the protostellar envelope surrounding IRAS 05173-0555 in L1634
Context. The youngest protostars that power energetic outflows are surrounded
by infalling and rotating envelopes that contain most of the mass of the
system. Aims. To study the properties and kinematics of the protostellar
envelope surrounding the embedded source IRAS 05173-0555 in L1634. Methods. We
carried out VLA ammonia observations at 1.3 cm with the VLA in the D
configuration to map the gas towards the core of L1634. Results. The NH3
emission towards IRAS 05173-0555 is resolved and shows two components clearly
distinguishable morphologically: a cross-like structure, roughly elongated in
the direction of the HH 240/241 outflow and associated with IRAS 05173-0555,
plus an arc-like stream elongated towards the north. The properties and
kinematics of the gas suggest that the origin of the cross-like morphology
could be the interaction between the outflow and the envelope. A more compact
and flattened structure, which could be undergoing rotation about the axis of
the outflow, has been detected towards the center of the cross-like envelope.
The northern stream, which has properties and velocity different from those of
the cross-like envelope, is likely part of the original cloud envelope, and
could be either a quiescent core that would never form stars, or be in a
prestellar phase.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in A&
VLA Observations of H2O Masers in the Class 0 Protostar S106 FIR: Evidence for a 10 AU-Scale Accelerating Jet-like Flow
We conducted VLA observations at 0".06 resolution of the 22 GHz water masers
toward the Class 0 source S106 FIR (d=600 pc; 15" west of S106-IRS4) on two
epochs separated by ~3 months. Two compact clusters of the maser spots were
found in the center of the submillimeter core of S106 FIR. The separation of
the clusters was ~80 mas (48 AU) along P. A. = 70 degrees and the size of each
cluster was ~20 mas x 10 mas. The western cluster, which had three maser
components, was 7.0 km/s redshifted with respect to the ambient cloud velocity.
Each component was composed of a few spatially localized maser spots and was
aligned on a line connecting the clusters. We found relative proper motions of
the components with ~30 mas/yr (18 AU/yr) along the line. In addition, a series
of single-dish observations show that the maser components drifted with a
radial acceleration of ~1 km/s/yr.
These facts indicate that the masers could be excited by a 10 AU-scale
jet-like accelerating flow ejected from an assumed protostar located between
the two clusters. The outflow size traced by the masers was 50 AU x 5 AU after
correction for an inclination angle of 10 degrees which was derived from the
relative proper motions and radial velocities of the maser components. The
three-dimensional outflow velocity ranged from 40 to 70 km/s assuming symmetric
motions for the blue and red components. Since no distinct CO molecular
outflows have been detected so far, we suggest that S106 FIR is an extremely
young protostar observed just after the onset of outflowing activity.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, No. 5 color. Accepted, Astrophysical Journa
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