Teacher\u27s Tone of Voice in the Classroom and How it Affects Students.

The purpose of this study was to see how my tone of voice can affect my students in the classroom. It also looked at how my tone of voice can help motivate students in the classroom in different learning settings. My self-study was able to be implanted throughout my practicum experience to improve and change my tone of voice in the classroom, which resulted in more effective and efficient practice within the classroom as an educator

Drivers, associations and consequences of the diel variability in high-resolution lake surface water temperature measurements

The primary objective of this dissertation is to examine the drivers, consequences and associations of the diel variability in high-resolution lake surface water temperature. This dissertation consists of the high temporal resolution monitoring of up to 100 lakes, the creation of a predictive method to estimate the diel temperature range, and the development of an open source numerical program called Lake Heat Flux Analyzer, designed to calculate accurately the surface energy fluxes in lakes and reservoirs. A method for estimating the onset of thermal stratification from surface temperature measurements is also provided, where the association between the diel temperature range and the depth of the upper mixed layer allows accurate predictions of stratification onset with a root mean square error of 2.1 days. The relationship between the diel temperature range and lake specific characteristics is examined by a number of statistical approaches, varying from simple linear correlations to more complex additive models. The diel range in surface temperature is influenced significantly by lake surface area and water clarity. A statistically significant correlation between the diel temperature range and lake area is observed in the summer months caused by the larger lakes experiencing higher wind speeds, in turn leading to larger shear and ultimately wind mixing, and consequently leading to greater mixing depths and thus to low diel temperature range. For 100 lakes, the diel range in surface water temperature is shown to be influenced significantly by lake surface area where the influence of lake area is most important for lakes smaller than 3.2 km². Compared to the seminal work in physical limnology, the work presented in this dissertation highlights the importance of much smaller, and numerically dominant, lakes which have historically been under-represented in estimates of inland waters

Exploring consultant interview skills within the employment process in sport psychology

Academic interest in the professional practice of sport psychology has meant a proliferation in models, theories, and guides to successful service provision, from gaining entry into practice to the evaluation and/or termination of service. However, there is an absence of research that examines the stage before practice can begin, and in particular, the formal employment interview. In order to address this gap in the literature, this thesis developed an understanding of the skills necessary to navigate the employment interview as a sport psychology consultant (SPC). The first study identified the features of experience that influenced gatekeepers to sport psychology s previous hiring decisions (study one). Assuming an interpretative phenomenological approach, data were collected through interviews with seven gatekeepers in positions directly responsible for hiring SPCs within United Kingdom elite sport organisations. The participants experiences were interpreted to be influenced by four key features of the sport psychologists; (a) consultant affability, (b) consultant confidence versus arrogance, (c) consultant collaboration, and (d) presentation of consultant competencies. These features of experience were then used to create two short video vignettes simulating the employment interview between gatekeeper and practitioner (study two). Utilising these vignettes to stimulate discussion, Trainee Sport Psychologists were interviewed (n=31) concerning their ability to identify interview skills, their perception of their own skills, the sources of such skills and how they could be developed. Findings revealed that despite possessing desirable levels of both affability and collaboration skills, participants reported low levels of confidence in sport psychology and the ability to present their competencies. Parent and peer attachment, educational background and specific experiential features were proposed as sources of these skills. In an attempt to further examine the potential interactions between these proposed sources of interview skills, currently accredited, practicing Sport Psychologists and those undertaking practical training routes (n=214) were surveyed (study three). The findings of this study indicated that a SPC s peer attachment, educational background, applied experience, and interview experience variably relate to self-perceived levels of consultant affability, confidence in sport psychology, collaboration, and presentation of competencies. However, there was no significant effect observed for parent attachment, as suggested within study two. Together, the studies within this thesis provide the first examination of the features of experience that have influenced historic consumer decisions within the hiring of SPCs, the skills which SPCs should possess in order to gain entry through an employment interview, and the sources from which these skills may be derived

Worldwide alteration of lake mixing regimes in response to climate change

Lakes hold much of Earth’s accessible liquid freshwater, support biodiversity and provide key ecosystem services to people around the world. However, they are vulnerable to climate change, for example through shorter durations of ice cover, or through rising lake surface temperatures. Here we use a one-dimensional numerical lake model to assess climate change impacts on mixing regimes in 635 lakes worldwide. We run the lake model with input data from four state-of-the-art model projections of twenty-first-century climate under two emissions scenarios. Under the scenario with higher emissions (Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0), many lakes are projected to have reduced ice cover; about one-quarter of seasonally ice-covered lakes are projected to be permanently ice-free by 2080–2100. Surface waters are projected to warm, with a median warming across lakes of about 2.5 °C, and the most extreme warming about 5.5 °C. Our simulations suggest that around 100 of the stud- ied lakes are projected to undergo changes in their mixing regimes. About one-quarter of these 100 lakes are currently clas- sified as monomictic—undergoing one mixing event in most years— and will become permanently stratified systems. About one-sixth of these are currently dimictic—mixing twice per year—and will become monomictic. We conclude that many lakes will mix less frequently in response to climate change

Do titles matter in sport psychology? Performer attitudes toward professional titles and the effect of a brief intervention

Understanding the practitioner attributes that influence consumers’ preferences is of vital importance to licensing organizations and individual practitioners in the field of sport psychology (Hamberger & Iso-Ahola, 2006; Van Raalte, Brewer, Matheson & Brewer, 1996). This study examined consumer preferences towards three professional titles (sport psychologist, life coach, and neuro-linguistic programming practitioner) and a range of other practitioner characteristics, as well as the extent to which a brief intervention impacted these preferences. Following an assessment of current preferences amongst athletes (N = 229), researchers presented brief, educational vignettes formed of enhanced information regarding the three professions. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the relative importance of practitioner attributes pre- and post-intervention. Interpersonal skills emerged as the most important attribute prior to intervention. Several significant, post-intervention changes emerged in consumer preferences for practitioners, including an increased salience of professional title. The findings are discussed with an emphasis on implications for the training, professional development, and marketing of practitioners to potential clients

Severe Lake Heatwaves Attributable to Human‐Induced Global Warming

Much of the focus of global warming impacts on lakes have focused on changes in mean temperature. However, lakes are also highly vulnerable to thermal extremes. Such extremes occur, by definition, during lake heatwaves. Heatwaves in lakes have occurred globally in recent decades and have had severe negative impacts. However, unlike their atmospheric counterparts, it is currently unknown to what extent lake heatwaves are altered by human-induced climate change. Here, we estimate the human contribution to lake heatwaves, specifically focusing on the most severe events. We demonstrate that the occurrence probabilities of severe lake heatwaves increase substantially due to human influence. Our analysis suggests that 94% of severe heatwaves observed during the satellite data-taking period have an anthropogenic contribution. Globally, we suggest that severe heatwaves are 3 and 25- times more likely in a 1.5°C and 3.5°C warmer world, respectively, compared to a world without anthropogenic influence