Data entry and error embedding system

A data entry and error embedding system in which, first, a document is bitmapped and recorded in a first memory. Then, it is displayed, and portions of it to be replicated by data entry are underlayed by a window, into which window replicated data is entered in location and size such that it is juxtaposed just below that which is replicated, enhancing the accuracy of replication. Second, with this format in place, selected portions of the replicated data are altered by the insertion of character or word substitutions, thus the embedding of errors. Finally, a proofreader would endeavor to correct the error embedded data and a record of his or her changes recorded. In this manner, the skill level of the proofreader and accuracy of the data are computed

Off-Farm Labor Supply Responses to Permanent and Transitory Farm Income

A sample of Iowa farm couples is used to evaluate whether off-farm labor supply decisions respond to permanent and transitory components of farm income. Off-farm labor supply of both spouses declines in response to increases in permanent farm income. Farm wives also reduce off-farm labor supply in response to positive transitory farm income shocks. Consequently, one mechanism farm households use to smooth their goods consumption when facing fluctuating farm income is to modify their consumption of leisure. Ability to smooth goods consumption does not imply the absence of liquidity constraints among farm households unless leisure consumption is also smoothed. Key Words: Frisch equations, off-farm labor, farm income, transitory shocks, permanent shocks

Microbial quality of mixed salad greens and selected fresh and dried herbs

2010 Summer.Includes bibliographic references (pages 42-50).Direct marketing has been growing in the Western U.S., with 2007 sales of direct-marketed agricultural products totaling nearly $142.6 million in Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada and Washington-more than twice the 1997 sales level for the region. In addition, the number of farms engaging in direct sales to consumers grew by more than 20% to 18,274 in 2007. With increasing foodborne outbreaks linked to produce consumption, more research is needed to fill in the gaps of knowledge on the microbiological quality of leafy salad greens. Limited research has been conducted on the microbial safety and quality of farmers' market leafy salad greens. This study surveyed the microbial quality of salad greens from Larimer County farmers' markets in conjunction with salad mixes from a local supermarket. Leafy salad greens were obtained weekly for a period of four weeks from September to October, 2009, from both farmers' markets and supermarkets. Total aerobic and coliform counts were assessed within 48 hours of obtaining the samples via plating onto Petrifilm plates, then following one week of storage at refrigeration temperatures to observe changes in the microbial load. In addition, handling methods and temperatures were also recorded. Gloves and tongs were not used by vendors when handling salad greens. The vendors surveyed also lacked adequate refrigeration or ice for holding salad greens. Farmers' market salad greens were lower than supermarket salad greens in terms of initial aerobic plate counts. Both farmers' market and supermarket salad greens had no detectable levels of Escherichia coli and low levels of coliforms. After 1 week of storage, aerobic counts were higher in all samples (P0.05). The results reiterate the need for consumers to thoroughly wash their salad greens. Further research should be conducted to assess the microbial quality o~ other produce at local farmers' markets. Herbs are often used in cooking to add aroma and flavor to foods. Consumers may choose to dry herbs from their garden or purchased from the market. Herbs, like other agricultural produce, may be exposed to a wide range of potential microbial contamination. There is currently little research on safe drying practices of herbs at home. Microwaving herbs is a potentially popular and time-saving approach for drying herbs at home. This research project investigated the impact of three drying methods (microwave, dehydrator, and conventional air drying) for improving the microbial quality of dried parsley and cilantro. Herb samples were obtained weekly from a local supermarket for a 2 month period from January to March, 2010. Standard guidelines from Oregon State University Extension service were followed for microwave drying of herbs. The manufacturer's drying temperatures/times were used for drying herbs in a dehydrator. Herbs were also air-dried for 1 week. Microbial testing was performed using plating onto 3M Petrifilm and when counts were below the detection limit, via the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. Microwave drying provided the greatest reduction in aerobic counts of bacteria in herbs. All drying methods reduced coliform counts to undetectable amounts; however, the determination of the effectiveness of each drying method in comparison with others for reducing the coliform count was complicated by the low initial load of coliforms in herbs used in the study

THE DETERMINANTS OF PARTICIPATION DECISION IN OFF-FARM WORK: THE IOWA CASE

This paper examines factors affecting the role of individual, farm production, family finance, and regional characteristics in affecting labor force decisions by farm households. Young, more educated households are much more likely to work off-farm, suggesting that off-farm labor has become an expected part of new farm households.Farm Management, Labor and Human Capital,

Emergent Changes in Enterprise Architectures: Framework and Case Study

We suggest an emergent change framework for enterprise architecture. Drawing on Leavitt’s Change Model of Organizations, our framework focusses on socio-technical changes in tasks, structures, actors, and technologies. By applying the framework to a medium-sized company from the media industry and drawing on a relatively unique panel data set (2014, 2016, 2018), we demonstrate the amount of emergent changes and confirm three patterns of change. These findings help to advance the study of change and its propagation across different components of an enterprise over time

Synthesis, Reactivity, and Characterization of the First Donor-Stabilized Silylene Complexes of Osmium meso-Tetra-p-tolylporphyrin (TTP)Os=SiR2•THF (R = Me, Et, 1Pr) and the Molecular Structure of (TTP)Os=SiEt2•2THF

The preparation and characterization of the first donor-stabilized silylene complexes of osmium meso-tetra-p-tolylporphyrin are described. The silylene complex (TTP)Os=SiM~·THF (l·THF) is prepared by the reaction of [Os(TTP)b with hexamethylsilacyclopropane. Treating K2[0s(TTP)] with Cl2Si~ also generates the silylene complexes (TTP)Os=SiR2·THF [R =Me (l·THF), Et (2·THF), ipr (3·THF)]. 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that, in solution, one molecule of THF is coordinated to the silicon in all of these complexes. This has been verified by 2D-NOESY experiments. In 2·THF, the methylene protons are diastereotopic, indicating that the silicon is pyramidalized. Addition of 1 equiv of pyridine to l·THF or 2·THF replaces the THF on silicon with pyridine. Coordination of pyridine to silicon was also confirmed by a 2D-NOESY experiment. The structure of 2·THF was determined by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment. The diethyl complex 2·2THF crystallizes with two additional THF molecules as solvates in the monoclinic space group P2d c with a = 21.649 (5) A, b = 13.829 (3) A, c = 19.526 (3) A, 13 = 98.08 (2) 0 , V = 5788 (4) A3, Z = 4, R = 5.0%, and Rw = 5.7%. The Os-Si distance (2.325 (8) A) is the shortest observed to date. Other metrical parameters of this complex are discussed

Cyclopropanation Catalyzed by Osmium Porphyrin Complexes

Cyclopropanation of alkenes can be accomplished catalytically2 or stoichiometrically.3 Catalytic systems typically use a diazo reagent as the carbene source and a metal-containing mediator which forms a postulated metal carbene intermediate. Transfer of the carbene fragment from the metal to an alkene produces the cyclopropane product. Despite the wide variety of catalytic cyclopropanation systems, the putative carbene complex has never been isolated or observed in a catalytic system. This is somewhat surprising since the second category of cyclopropanation reactions involves the stoichiometric reaction of isolated car bene complexes with an alkene to form a cyclopropane. None of the isolated carbene complexes show catalytic cyclopropanation activity. Several years ago Callot demonstrated that rhodium porphyrins catalytically cyclopropanated a variety of alkenes in the presence of ethyl diazoacetate.4 Kodadek and co-workers have expanded this work and have attempted to prepare synthetically useful enantioselective catalysts for the formation of cyclopropanes.5 Their approach has been to use rhodium complexes with optically active porphyrins to induce chirality into the product. A similar approach was used for a variety of non-porphyrin copper catalysts.6 Kodadek has shown that the carbon-bound diazonium complex [(TTP)RhC(H)(C02Et)(N2W is an intermediate in the catalytic cyclopropanation of styrene with ethyl diazoacetate.7•8 In addition, kinetic studies suggest that the formation of a rhodium carbene complex is at least partially rate limiting.8 However, this carbene complex has not been isolated or directly observed. We report herein the use of osmium porphyrins as stereoselective cyclopropanation catalysts using ethyl diazoacetate with a variety of alkenes. In addition, our studies show that an isolable carbene complex ((TTP)Os=CHC02Et) is capable of catalytically and stoichiometrically cyclopropanating styrene

A Methodology for Three-Dimensional Quantification of Anterior Tooth Width

The use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology has been shown to be more accurate in measuring individual incisor tooth widths than the use of wax exemplars. There were fewer differences by investigators using CBCT than others using an F-test in a mixed model of the measurement differences of investigators, wax type, and which tooth was measured. In addition, the frequency of outliers was less in the CBCT method (a total of 5) as compared to the two-dimensional measurements in ether Aluwax (a total of 8) or Coprwax (a total of 12). Both results indicate that CBCT measurements accounted more precisely for tooth width and level of eruption

Mechanism of Cyclopropanation Reactions Mediated by (5,10,15,20-Tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato)osmium(II) Complexes

Catalytic systems derived from [Os(TTP)]2 or Fe(TTP) (TTP = 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato) are extremely efficient at converting styrenes and diazo reagents to cyclopropanes in high yields and high stereoselectivity. A number of mechanistic studies have been undertaken to elucidate the catalytic pathway. A mono(carbene) complex, (TTP)OsCHCO2Et, has been isolated but is not the catalytically active species. An electron-withdrawing ligand trans to the carbene in (TTP)OsCHCO2Et activates the carbon fragment toward transfer to an olefin. Labeling studies with (TTP)OsCHX and N2CHY and substrate reactivity profiles are consistent with a trans-osmium(II) bis(carbene) species as the active catalyst