The Impact of R&D on the Singapore Economy:An Empirical Evaluation

Much of the literature on the impact of R&D on economic performance is founded on the advanced countries, where the intensity of R&D expenditure has been relatively high and stable for many years. In this paper, we provide empirical estimates of the impact of R&D on the economic growth of a Newly Industrialised Economy, Singapore, where R&D expenditure intensity has been low initially, bur rising rapidly in recent years. The Cobb-Douglas based analysis provided empirical evidence that R&D investment in Singapore had a significant impact on its total factor productivity performance in the last 20 years and established a long-term equilibrium relationship between R&D investments and TFP. However, compared to the OECD nations, the impact of R&D investment on economic growth in Singapore is not as strong, as evidenced by lower estimated elasticity values. The long run elasticity of output with respect to R&D was computed to be 8.1% for Singapore compared to long run elasticities of over 10% estimated by other researchers for OECD countries. This suggests that Singapore still has some way to go in catching up with the advanced nations in terms of R&D productivity. This not only means increasing the level of R&D intensity in Singapore but also more efficient exploitation of domestic R&D activity.Economic Growth, R&D Expenditure, Total Factor Productivity

Developing an Emergency Offshore Hazard Map and risk assessment indices using Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS)

Offshore emergencies such as oil spill present a serious threat to the coastal environment. Consequently, response teams need to act fast in order to minimize the damage done to the environment in the vent of accidental oil spills. This study proposes to use spatial decision support system (SDSS) in assisting decision makers and response teams in their plan to effectively handle offshore emergency and mitigate potential effects. A structured GIS-based multi criteria decision making (MCDM) model is implemented by combining the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) with GIS to develop an emergency offshore hazard map and risk indices. The coastal area of East Malaysia was used as the study area to test the SDSS. A sensitivity index of five categories (very high, high, medium, low, and very low) were produced for the coastline of East Malaysia. The produced map will be useful in offshore emergency such as oil spill to help response team develop and implementing a successful response plan

Student-Centered Pedagogies in the Singapore Music Classroom: A Case Study on Collaborative Composition

This article responds to recent calls for situated examples of student-centered education. Our goal is to illustrate what student-centered pedagogies may look like in the music education classroom, particularly in the context of collaborative composition activities. The sample case presented features a Primary 5 Singaporean music teacher implementing a collaborative composition lesson on Gamelan Beleganjur, a traditional music style from Bali (Indonesia). After describing the structure of the lesson, we analyze data from teacher interviews, classroom interactions (illustrated with pictures), and transcriptions of students’ compositions. We argue that the content and design of the lesson itself, as well as the teacher’s genuine interest in exploring students’ musical ideas and fostering collaboration and creativity, led to the enactment of student-centricity. Our ultimate aim is to provide an additional resource that might inspire music educators (both specialists and generalists) in embracing student-centered education in their classrooms

Computer Simulation and Visualisation of Complex Systems: Arcs and Hot Gas Flow in Auto-expansion Circuit Breakers

Auto-expansion circuit breakers (also known as the self-blast circuit breakers) are an advanced generation of high voltage switchgear. This type of circuit breaker uses the arc's energy to generate a high pressure SOurce in the expansion volume (also known as the heating chamber) to create the required thermal and aerodynamic conditions for interrupting the circuit at a current zero. Ablation of the arc confining nozzle at high current is the main mechanism for pressurisation of the expansion volume. The operation of such a breaker is extremely complex and its performance depends on the whole arcing history as well as a number of geometrical factors characterising the geometry of the interrupter. It is a complex system with inter-related mechanical parts (moving pistons, valves, ablating nozzles, and moving contact) and physical processes (radiation, thermodynamics, aerodynamics, turbulence and ablation of solid materials). The relationship between all the constituent parts and physical processes gives rise to the collective behaviour of the whole system. Computer simulation of the arcing process in such a breaker has been carried out in the present work. Because of the very high power level encountered in such a breaker the arc interacts intensely with its surroundings. The objective of the work is to establish a computer model to simulate the whole arcing process, validate the model and then perform an extensive analysis of system behaviour to extract useful information for the optimisation design of such devices. The history of circuit breaker development, fundamental aspects related to the operation of high voltage circuit breakers, and history of computer modelling of switching arcs are first reviewed in chapter I, which provides an overall background picture for the present work. The mathematical description of the important physical processes is then given in chapter 2 which includes the governing equations for arc flow, the modelling of radiation and turbulence, the calculation of nozzle ablation, and the computation of electrical and magnetic fields for Lorentz force and Ohmic heating. The temperature and pressure encountered in computer simulation of the autoexpansion circuit breaker arc covers a wide range, from 300K to possibly 40, OOOK and from atmospheric pressure to 100 bar. The material and transport properties of the mixture of the working gas and ablated nozzle vapour are highly non-linear functions of plasma parameters. Thus a robust computational fluid dynamics (CFO) solver is essential. In the present work, a commercial CFO package, PHOENICS, is used for the simulation. The practically important issues, such as the implementation of the arc model with input of material properties into the solver, the specification of initial and boundary conditions, the approximate of the circuit breaker geometry, and choice of time step and control of convergence, are discussed in chapter 3. In the operation of an ABB auto-expansion circuit breaker, there are a number of mechanical parts that move with time during an operation process. The operation of over pressure valves, with one of them attached to the moving piston, has to be correctly modelled. This is detailed in chapter 4 where validation of the numerical meth~ ' ods is provided by comparing the prediction with analytical results from isentropic compression and also with measurement from ABB. Results show that the proposed numerical scheme can satisfactorily model the valve operation and the piston movement. Typical results of the gas flow in such a circuit breaker without the presence of an arc (no-load operation) are presented and discussed. In chapter 5 the operation of the ABB breaker under specified arcing current is then simulated for almost a whole arcing period. Results indicate that Lorentz force has a profound effect on the flow field as well as the arc shape. Detailed energy and mass balance calculation is performed for the arcing space and also for the expansion volume, which clearly shows the importance of radiation transfer, convection at different nozzle exits and the change of energy and mass storage at different instants in the arcing process. It is also shown that the pressurisation of the expansion volume is due to the influx of thermal energy, not the mass influx. The predicted arc voltage overally agrees with the test results within 15% for all three cases simulated with different breaker geometry. The predicted pressure at current zero is within 10% of the test results. On the whole the prediction is considered satisfactory in consideration of the approximations that have been introduced in the geometry and radiation model. It has been found that for the auto-expansion circuit breaker the pressure in the arcing space can fluctuate rapidly in the period shortly before the thermal recovery period. Pressure fluctuation with several bars around the current zero period results in a scatter of thermal interruption and dielectric recovery performances. Large pressure variation is therefore not desirable. Optimisation of design parameters is necessary in order to avoid pressure variation and to ensure maximum pressure and lowest temperature possible in the arcing voll!-me. A systematic study of the mechanisms responsible for the pressure fluctuation is therefore carried out in chapter 6. It has been found that the evolution of pressure and temperature fields in the arcing space around current zero depend on the supply rate of gas from the expansion volume and the exhaustion rate at the nozzle exits. Thus, an optimum design is directly linked with the design of the expansion volume and the link channel between the arcing space and the expansion volume. A systematic study of the influence of various design parameters is also carried out to identify the most influencing parameter, which is the dimension of the channel link. Based on the knowledge and understanding derived from this study a new design has been simulated which produces very promising result in smoothing the pressure fluctuation in the arcing space. Pressure and temperature fields at current zero depend on the whole arcing history as well as the contact movement which determines the gas exhaust passage. Arcing processes with different arcing time (altogether three cases with different arcing times) are finally performed to assess the efficiency of the new design. In all cases it has been shown that with the addition of a buffer volume the pressure smoothly changes in the period approaching the final current zero. In summary, the three objectives stated in chapter 1 have all been achieved by the work presented in chapters 2 to 6. Nevertheless, there are still several aspects of the model that need to be improved. This is discussed in the final chapter

Does market turbulence moderate the impact of relationship competency on small retail firm’s performances

It has been widely acknowledged that small businesses are contributing a lot in all developing countries. The existing researchers have widely acknowledged the positive impact of relationship competency on firm's performance. Whilst emerging markets for Small businesses in different emerging or developing contexts are different from developed countries. Thus, the impact of entrepreneurs’ relationship competency on firm’s performances varies across different cultures or contexts. The aim of the current study was to analyse the impact of relationship competency on four types of firms’ performances namely financial and non-financial performances, business growth, and firm’s performance compared with rival firms among retail Small businesses owned by Malaysian Chinese entrepreneurs under the moderating role of market turbulence. Composition Based View (CBV) and Strategic Contingency Theory (SCT) were the underpinning theories. Eight hypotheses were created based on proposed research model and standard instrument was used to collect the data. A total of 300 small business retail owners in Selangor, Malaysia participated in study through standard survey. The data were collected at one point of time across the sample population by using sampling techniques of non-probability. The collected data were analysed using SPSS software and PLS-SEM techniques. Findings revealed the positive and significant impact of relationship competency on non-financial performance and on firms’ performances relative to their competitor firms. Furthermore, the positive and significant moderating influence of market turbulence was also found for enhancing the impact of relationship competency on business growth. However, findings revealed no impact of relationship competency on financial performance and business growth. Moreover, results did not reveal any moderating influence of market turbulence for the impact of relationship competency on firm’s financial and firm’s non-financial performances as well as on performance relative to competitors

Severe Drug-Induced Agranulocytosis Successfully Treated with Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor

When elderly patients are prescribed many different medications, the risk for developing serious adverse events should be kept in mind. One of these adverse events is agranulocytosis, which, although rare, can be life-threatening if left untreated. The majority of agranulocytosis cases are caused by drugs, including antibiotics. Here, we report a case of severe agranulocytosis in a 96-year-old woman following antibiotic therapy which was successfully managed using recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and the appropriate choice of antibiotics to treat her concomitant infection