Switching from neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin to insulin glargine 300?U/mL improves glycaemic control and reduces hypoglycaemia risk : results of a multicentre, prospective, observational study

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is an important public health issue. A significant proportion of insulin-treated patients with T2DM do not reach target glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) values, which ultimately increases their risk of long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. One potential option to improve diabetes control in these patients may be the use of new insulin formulations including second-generation basal insulin analogues such as insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300). Several published randomised controlled trials have assessed the clinical effectiveness of Gla-300, mostly versus insulin glargine 100 U/mL as well as insulin degludec. However, there is limited information about the real-world effectiveness of Gla-300 when patients are transitioned directly from neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) human basal insulin. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Gla-300, defined as the percentage of participants with an HbA1c reduction of ≥0.5%, 6 months after switching from NPH insulin, in participants with T2DM. Secondary objectives included the safety assessment based on the percentage of patients experiencing ≥1 episodes and the number of hypoglycaemic episodes by category: severe, symptomatic, symptomatic confirmed, diurnal or nocturnal, change in body weight, and insulin dose. A total of 469 participants completed the 6-month observation period. Mean baseline HbA1c was 9.19%. The percentage of participants with a ≥0.5% improvement in HbA1c from baseline was 71.7% at 6 months. Mean HbA1c decreased at 3 and 6 months by 0.77% (±0.98) and 1.01% (±1.12), respectively (p<0.00001 versus baseline), while fasting glycaemia decreased by 32 mg/dL and 37 mg/dL, respectively (p<0.00001 versus baseline). There were moderate increases in the doses of both Gla-300 and, if used, short-acting insulins during the 6 months of observation. The percentage of participants with ≥1 hypoglycaemia event during the preceding 4 weeks decreased significantly from baseline to 3 and 6 months, as did the proportion with symptomatic hypoglycaemia at night (p<0.00001 versus baseline). No participants had severe hypoglycaemia after a switch to Gla-300. Body mass, waist and hip circumferences, and waist : hip ratio did not change significantly. In conclusion, this large, prospective, observational study demonstrated that switching from NPH insulin to Gla-300 resulted in a significant improvement in HbA1c, with only a moderate increase in insulin dose, a decreased risk of hypoglycaemia, and no increase in body weight

Cigarette smoking and cerebral microvasculature in patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study

Introduction. A decrease in vasomotor reactivity reserve (VMRr) or an increase in pulsatility index (PI) are the early signs of cerebral microangiopathy in type 1 diabetes. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes, but cigarette smokers are routinely excluded from studies on VMRr or PI in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and there is no evidence of any significant impact of smoking on these variables in T1DM. Therefore, we aimed to assess the impact of cigarette smoking on VMRr and PI in these patients. Methods. VMRr and PI of the middle cerebral artery were measured with Transcranial Doppler in 79 patients with T1DM (median age 33.0 years, range 20–51, 44% males) without a history of cerebrovascular events, coronary heart disease or carotid stenosis. The relationship between cigarette smoking (n = 20, mean pack-years 9.4 ± 6.1) and VMRr, PI, concomitant risk factors, medications and the presence of systemic microvascular complications were analysed. Results. Smokers and non-smokers did not differ in terms of their clinical characteristics, with an exception of higher circadian insulin demand in smokers (60 ± 12.9 v. 49.2 ± 14.2 units; p = 0.004). A correlation between pack-years and PI (r = 0.6, p = 0.004), but not with VMRr, was found in smokers. However, no significant differences between smokers and non-smokers were found regarding either VMRr (mean 85.9 ± 20% v. 84.1 ± 20.1%; p = 0.74) or PI (median 0.85, range 0.61–1.09 v. 0.88, range 0.48–1.52; p = 0.2). Conclusions. We did not prove any significant impact of smoking on VMRr in T1DM patients, but the association between pack-years and PI may indicate the negative impact of intensive cigarette smoking on the cerebral microvasculature in type 1 diabetes.

Selekcjonowanie mocy strat blach transformatorowych w obwodach magnetycznych zamkniętych i otwartych

Moc strat jest podstawowym parametrem przy projektowaniu maszyn i urządzeń elektrycznych. W przemyśle spotyka się blachy różnych producentów z różnych serii, dlatego zachodzi konieczność wstępnego szybkiego ich selekcjonowania pod względem mocy strat całkowitych. Oprócz metod Epsteina, międzynarodowe normy dopuszczają pomiary na pojedynczych arkuszach czy pasmach w metodach Single Sheet Testing (SST) dla grain-oriented Fe-Si sheet steel. W artykule porównano realizacje zastosowań koncepcji fizycznych i zastosowań NDT selekcjonowania stratności całkowitej blach transformatorowych z pomiaru składowych impedancji na pojedynczych próbkach paskowych otwartych i pojedynczych arkuszach blach. Do badań użyto arkuszy blach transformatorowych M130 z różnych serii poprodukcyjnych. Pomiary parametrów arkuszy blach transformatorowych wykonano na urządzeniu pomiarowym BROCKHAUS STS zgodnie z normami IEC 6040. Mostkiem pomiarowym AGILENT 4294A wyznaczano składowe impedancji cewki pomiarowej PCB (Texas Instrument) przylegającej do arkusza blachy. Niezależnie badano paski blachy transformatorowej (próbki otwarte) w solenoidzie. Pomiary wykonano w zakresie częstotliwości do 4 MHz. Pomiar w zakresie częstotliwości rezonansowej miał na celu ocenę użyteczności sondy pomiarowej LDC (TI) z cewką spiralną PCB.Power loss is the basic parameter important for designers, in the construction of electrical machines and equipment. There are different magnetic steel sheets by various designers with various production series produced by industry. Therefore, it is necessary to pre-fast select them according to their total power loss. In this case, several methods are allowed by international standards, besides the Epstein apparatus (i. e. Single Sheet Tester (SST) for grain-oriented Fe-Si sheet steel). In the present paper, the comparison between the implementation of the physical concept and NDT applications and selection of total power loss of transformer shits was discussed. Investigations were carried out for single open strip samples and single transformer sheets by measured complex impedance components. M 130 type transformer sheets from different post-production series were used. The measurements of these sheets were carried out by applying BROKHAUS STS system according to the IEC 6040 standard. The complex components of impedance for a measure coil PCB (Texas Instrument), adhering to the sheet, were also measured by applying the precision RLC meter (AGILENT 4294A). Independently, the open strip samples were measured in a solenoid coil for the frequency up to 4 MHz. The resonant frequency measurements were carried out in order to test the LDC (TI) probe with a spiral measuring coil PCB

Założenia projektu silnika do zabudowy w piaście koła samochodu elektrycznego

Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję projektu silnika do zabudowy w piaście koła samochodu elektrycznego. Autorzy przedstawili wady i zalety napędu bezpośredniego oraz możliwe aplikacje tego typu rozwiązania. W publikacji zostały przedstawione wyniki wstępnych obliczeń projektowych obwodu elektromagnetycznego, modelu termicznego stojana oraz konstrukcji mechanicznej silnika

The assumptions of the engine design for mounting in the hub of the vehicle

Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję projektu silnika do zabudowy w piaście koła samochodu elektrycznego. Autorzy przedstawili wady i zalety napędu bezpośredniego oraz możliwe aplikacje tego typu rozwiązania. W publikacji zostały przedstawione wyniki wstępnych obliczeń projektowych obwodu elektromagnetycznego, modelu termicznego stojana oraz konstrukcji mechanicznej silnika

Design assumptions of wheel hub motor for electric cars

This article deals with the concept of a motor design for the wheel hub of an electric car. Authors presented the pros and cons of direct drive and possible applications of this type of solution. The publication presents the results of preliminary design calculations based on the electromagnetic circuit model, the thermal model of stator and the assumed motor design.Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję projektu silnika do zabudowy w piaście koła samochodu elektrycznego. Autorzy przedstawili wady i zalety napędu bezpośredniego oraz możliwe aplikacje tego typu rozwiązania. W publikacji zostały przedstawione wyniki wstępnych obliczeń projektowych obwodu elektromagnetycznego, modelu termicznego stojana oraz konstrukcji mechanicznej silnika

Switching from Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin to insulin glargine 300 U/mL in older and younger patients with type 2 diabetes : a post hoc analysis of a multicenter, prospective, observational study

INTRODUCTION: Older age and longer disease duration are key risk factors for hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who receive insulin. Previous studies have shown that insulin glargine 300 U/mL (Gla-300) improves glycemic control and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia, but whether this effect is observed in older patients switching from neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin is unclear. METHODS: In this multicenter, observational study involving patients with T2D aged ≥ 18 years with glycated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)) ≥ 8%, we compared the safety and effectiveness of switching from NPH insulin to Gla-300 in subgroups of patients differing by age ( 13 years). RESULTS: A total of 469 participants were included in the study. From baseline to 6 months after switching to Gla-300, mean HbA(1c) decreased from 9.23% to 8.13% (p  65 years (245 patients). The proportion of patients with ≥ 1 episodes of hypoglycemia decreased from 19.1% to 13.6% (p = 0.11) among those aged ≤ 65 years, and from 26.9% to 13.0% (p  65 years; the reduction was significantly greater in those aged > 65 years (p = 0.001). The reduction in HbA(1c) was greater in those with a disease duration ≤ 13 years (p = 0.007), but the reduction in hypoglycemia was greater in those with a disease duration > 13 years (p < 0.0003). CONCLUSION: The switch from NPH insulin to Gla-300 improved glycemic control in older patients with T2D and in those with a longer disease duration. Older patients with T2D and those with a longer disease duration benefited even more from the switch to Gla-300 than younger patients and those with a shorter disease duration, with significantly greater reductions in the risk of hypoglycemia. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13300-021-01199-4

Analysis of the work of an electric wheel hub motor for selected driving parameters of car

The construction of a electrical wheel hub traction motor for passenger car is presented in the article. Calculated parameters of operation for two consecutive ride stages are presented. The first one concerned driving at a speed of 50km/h. The second stage involved riding at 50km/h on a 20% slope. Parameters of motor work for each stage and the results of thermal analysis of the motor during the ride are presented.W artykule przedstawiono konstrukcję silnika trakcyjnego do zabudowy w piaście koła samochodu osobowego. Autorzy przedstawili obliczone parametry pracy silnika dla dwóch następujących posobie etapów przejazdu. Pierwszy dotyczył jazdy z prędkością równą 150 km/h. Drugi etap obejmował jazdę z prędkością 50 km/h po powierzchni o nachyleniu 20 %. W artykule zostały przedstawione parametry pracy silnika dla każdego z etapów oraz wyniki analizy termicznej silnika w trakcie przejazdu