The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review

<p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are common in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Prevention of these co-morbidities in COPD requires knowledge on their risk factors. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) predisposes to the development of T2DM and CVD but its prevalence in COPD remains unclear. The aim of this review was to assess the prevalence of MetS and its components in COPD patients compared to controls and to investigate the contribution of clinical characteristics to MetS prevalence. We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE for original studies in COPD that have investigated the prevalence of MetS and its components. In total, 19 studies involving 4208 COPD patients were included. The pooled MetS prevalence was 34%. Compared to controls, the prevalence was higher in COPD (10 studies, 32% and 30%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). The three most prevalent components in both COPD and controls were arterial hypertension (56% and 51%), abdominal obesity (39% and 38%) and hyperglycemia (44% and 47%). Compared to COPD patients without MetS, those with MetS had higher body mass index (BMI) (29.9 and 24.6 kg/m², <i>p</i> < 0.001), higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) % predicted (54 and 51, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and were more frequently female (31% and 25%, <i>p</i> = 0.011). In conclusion, the prevalence of MetS in COPD patients is high and hypertension, abdominal obesity and hyperglycemia are the most prevalent components. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of lifestyle factors and medications on MetS in COPD.</p

A significant correlation between IL-8 levels and leukocyte count demonstrated a recovery from stress-related leukopenia from the playing season to the recuperation phase, as well as a return to lower leukocyte counts after the stressfull phase of pre-season training.

<p>A significant correlation between IL-8 levels and leukocyte count demonstrated a recovery from stress-related leukopenia from the playing season to the recuperation phase, as well as a return to lower leukocyte counts after the stressfull phase of pre-season training.</p

Protocol of exercise test.

<p>Protocol of exercise test.</p

Immunological and biochemical paramaters.

<p>Immunological and biochemical paramaters.</p

Increased (a) ferritin and (b) bilirubin concentrations during recovery both demonstrate enhanced HO-1 activity.

<p>Increased (a) ferritin and (b) bilirubin concentrations during recovery both demonstrate enhanced HO-1 activity.</p

Changes in body weight (a) and lean mass (b) during different phases of physical strain.

<p>Changes in body weight (a) and lean mass (b) during different phases of physical strain.</p

A significant inverse correlation was found between the total lean mass and increased/decreased levels of creatinine over the time period from the end of playing season to the end of recovery, as well as from recovery to the end of pre-season training.

<p>A significant inverse correlation was found between the total lean mass and increased/decreased levels of creatinine over the time period from the end of playing season to the end of recovery, as well as from recovery to the end of pre-season training.</p

Baseline characterisation of subjects.

<p>Baseline characterisation of subjects.</p

sj-docx-1-wso-10.1177_17474930221109149 – Supplemental material for Efficacy and safety of vitamin-K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-wso-10.1177_17474930221109149 for Efficacy and safety of vitamin-K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with heart failure and sinus rhythm: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials by Weijia Li, Jiyoung Seo, Damianos G Kokkinidis, Leonidas Palaiodimos, Sanjana Nagraj, Eleni Korompoki, Haralambos Milionis, Wolfram Doehner, Gregory Y. H. Lip and George Ntaios in International Journal of Stroke</p

LPS-stimulated production of TNFα (panel A) and IL-6 from whole blood from healthy control subjects (n = 11, black line) and patients with CHF (n = 42, gray line).

<p>* <i>vs.</i> unstimulated control (0 ng/mL LPS); § <i>vs.</i> 0.1 ng/mL LPS; † <i>vs.</i> 1 ng/mL LPS; # <i>vs.</i> 10 ng/mL LPS. One symbol denotes p<0.05, two symbols p<0.01, three symbols p<0.001, four symbols p<0.0001.</p