Appendix A. The model for calculating expected Daphnia fitness in the water column.

The model for calculating expected Daphnia fitness in the water column

Appendix C. Model test results for two models, one with and one without "removed biomass" as a factor.

Model test results for two models, one with and one without "removed biomass" as a factor

Appendix D. Test results of the repeated-measures ANOVA on net ecosystem CO2 exchange during the drought period.

Test results of the repeated-measures ANOVA on net ecosystem CO2 exchange during the drought period

Appendix B. The effects of biomass removal on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (Re).

The effects of biomass removal on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and ecosystem respiration (Re)

Appendix A. Description on the exponential nonlinear model used for calculating CO2 fluxes from the mesocosms.

Description on the exponential nonlinear model used for calculating CO2 fluxes from the mesocosms

Model parameters.

<p>Model parameters.</p

Biomass-diversity relationship.

<p>When interspecific competition is lower than intraspecific competition several species can make up more biomass than a single species on a given amount of resource. The total biomass made up by 100 species decreases with increasing interspecific competition strength (left hand panel). Here it is complementarity that increases the productivity in the system. When competition is stronger (high <i>α_i,j</i>), a few species quickly make up the total biomass (right hand panel). This also illustrates how when competition is high, the decrease in biomass with diversity loss happens more suddenly and at a lower diversity (dashed lines).</p

The effects of diversity and diversity loss on the outcome of the introduction of a predator into a diverse native community.

<p>Initially, native species prevent the introduced predator from invading by reducing the predator to a low biomass. After species extinctions (shaded areas) or an increase in species-specific mortality m_F,I (arrow), at low diversity, the feedback mechanism fails and the introduced invades very suddenly. Low diversity communities have a lower initial biomass and the effect of diversity loss has a larger effect on the total biomass of less diverse systems – see supporting information S2. For clarity and ease of comparison between simulations, we here use a fixed rather than random interspecific competition coefficient (<i>α_i,j</i>) (p = 0.0015; e = 0.6; r = 1; g = 0.7; H = 20; m = 0.22; <i>α_i,j</i>₌0.3; K_i =50, m_F,i = [0,0.5], I = 5).</p

Fit of the frequency distribution of colony size predicted by PHYLLOSIM with those observed by Monier and Lindow [<b>4</b>] calculated according to equation (1).

<p>Fit (F) ranges from 0 (no fit) to 1 (perfect fit). Different letters indicate significant differences at α = 0.05 among all scenarios. Data shown in this figure are available in Excel format (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0075633#pone.0075633.s002" target="_blank">Table S2</a>).</p

Appendix A. Partial derivatives with respect to k for the positive and negative branches of Eq. 13.

Partial derivatives with respect to k for the positive and negative branches of Eq. 13