Former Heads of State on Trial

In this article in the Symposium on Milosevic & Hussein on Trial, the author explores issues surrounding the development of accountability for violations of international humanitarian law for former heads of state & national leaders. Procedural issues faced in the creation of special courts, the functional responsibility of military & civilian superiors, & the development of immunity through previous trials are discussed. The trial issues that emerged from Milosevic\u27s claim of illegality & self representation are discussed in terms of the expectations of the Hussein trial indictments & defense. The author asserts that both trials are in a midway stage, but expected problems could be mitigated with the help of international assistance. J. Harwel

Former Heads of State on Trial

In this article in the Symposium on Milosevic & Hussein on Trial, the author explores issues surrounding the development of accountability for violations of international humanitarian law for former heads of state & national leaders. Procedural issues faced in the creation of special courts, the functional responsibility of military & civilian superiors, & the development of immunity through previous trials are discussed. The trial issues that emerged from Milosevic\u27s claim of illegality & self representation are discussed in terms of the expectations of the Hussein trial indictments & defense. The author asserts that both trials are in a midway stage, but expected problems could be mitigated with the help of international assistance. J. Harwel

De echoscopie in de verloskundige zorg

Rede uitgesproken bij de aanvaarding van het ambt van gewoon lector in de Gynaecologie en Verloskunde in het bijzonder de methoden tot foetale bewaking voor en tijdens de baring aan de Erasmus Universiteit te Rotterdam op woensdag 1 maart 197

La oftalmo-reacción en el muermo

El diagnóstico de la tuberculosis por la oftalmo-reacción denominado así por Calmette, se basa en el hecho de que, depositando la tuberculina sobre la conjuntiva, si el individuo de experimentación es tuberculoso se le desarrollará en pocos instantes una conjuntivitis de intensidad más o menos grande; lo contrario ocurrirá si el sujeto se halla sano. Esto sentado, lógico es suponer que la maleina instilada en el ojo dará resultados análogos en el caballo sano. (Párrafo extraído del texto a modo de resumen)Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Assessment of fetal left cardiac isovolumic relaxation time in appropriate and small-for-gestational-age fetuses

Left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time was studied in 22 appropriate-for-gestational-age fetuses (AGA, 26–40 wk) and 12 small-for-gestational-age fetuses (SGA, 29–37 wk). Left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time was determined from the interval between aortic valve closure and maximal left atrial dimension by M-mode, and from the interval between aortic valve closure artefact and onset of transmitral flow by pulsed Doppler. Mean left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time by M-mode (36 ± 6 ms) and by pulsed Doppler (49 ± 10 ms) were significantly different (p < 0.05) in AGA while this was not so in SGA (56 ± 10 ms vs. 60 ± 8 ms). A significant difference (p < 0.05) in mean left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time by M-mode existed between AGA (36 ± 6 ms) and SGA (56 ± 10 ms), whereas this was not so for pulsed Doppler (48 ± 10 ms vs. 60 ± 8 ms). Mean left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time by Doppler was significantly larger (mean difference 14 ± 8 ms; p < 0.05) than by M-mode in AGA. However, there was no difference in mean left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time between the two ultrasound modalities in SGA. These data suggest synchronization of mitral cusp separation and transmitral blood flow in the SGA fetus. We speculate that, in the SGA fetus, delayed left ventricular isovolumic relaxation time may reflect cardiac diastolic dysfunction

Effect of physiological heart rate changes on left ventricular dimensions and mitral blood flow velocities in the normal fetus

M-mode echo recordings of the left ventricle (LV) and inflow LV Doppler velocimetry were performed in nine normal fetuses at a gestational age of 36–39 weeks. In each fetus ∼ 80 consecutive cardiac cycles were digitized. The duration of each cardiac cycle (T) and the corresponding end-diastolic (EDD), end-systolic (ESD) dimensions of LV or the peak velocity of early (E) and late atrial (A) mitral flow parameters was calculated. The role of sonographic parameters on current (Tn) and preceding (Tn − 1) cardiac cycles was assessed using linear regression. Significant dependency of ventricular EDD and transmitral A peak velocity upon Tn was demonstrated. We speculate that atrial systole has an important role to play in the beat-to-beat regulation of fetal stroke volume