Antimalarial and cytotoxic constituents of <i>Xylaria</i> cf. <i>cubensis</i> PK108

<p><i>Xylaria</i> cf. <i>cubensis</i> PK108 was identified by its distinctive morphological characteristics and its internal transcribed spacers sequence analysis. The chromatographic separation and structural elucidation based on spectroscopic analysis of fungal crude extracts led to 10 compounds; tryptoquivaline L (<b>1</b>), fiscalin C (<b>2</b>), <i>epi</i>-fiscalin C (<b>3</b>), cytochalasin D (<b>4</b>), ergosterol (<b>5</b>), ergosterol peroxide (<b>6</b>), chevalone C (<b>7</b>), xylaranol B (<b>8</b>), helvolic acid (<b>9</b>) and cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Leu) (<b>10</b>). The bioassay screening showed that <b>4</b> displayed cytotoxicity against KB and NCI-H187 cancer cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 3.25 and 5.95 μg mL^− 1. <b>6</b> exhibited cytotoxicity against NCI-H187 with an IC₅₀ value of 5.81 μg mL^− 1. <b>7</b> and <b>9</b> showed antimalarial activity with IC₅₀ values of 25.00 and 6.25 μg mL^− 1, respectively. This result establishes <i>Xylaria</i> as broad spectrum bioactive compound producers.</p

Astraodoric Acids A–D: New Lanostane Triterpenes from Edible Mushroom <i>Astraeus odoratus</i> and Their Anti-<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> H₃₇Ra and Cytotoxic Activity

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the chronic infectious diseases caused by <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> that causes about 2–3 million deaths per year. Isoniazid and rifampicin are examples of first line drugs used for TB treatment; however, they are potentially hepatotoxic. More effective and safer drugs are urgently needed, especially from natural products. Basidiomycete mushrooms are known as important sources of pharmaceutically active metabolites including an anti-TB agent. In this work, the chemical constituents of the edible mushroom <i>Astraeus odoratus</i> were isolated and investigated for antibacterial activity against <i>M. tuberculosis</i> H₃₇Ra. The cytotoxic activity against cancerous cell lines was also evaluated. Four new lanostane triterpenes, astraodoric acids A–D, and new 5-hydroxyhypaphorine have been isolated together with four known compounds. The structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopic methods, HR-ESI-MS results, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Astraodoric acids A and B exhibited moderate antibacterial (MICs of 50 and 25 μg/mL) and cytotoxic activities (IC₅₀ values of 34.69 and 18.57 μg/mL against KB and 19.99 and 48.35 μg/mL against NCI-H187), respectively. The results of this study show that <i>A. odoratus</i> could be a significant natural source for safer antitubercular and anticancer agents

A new amino amidine derivative from the wood-decaying fungus <i>Xylaria</i> cf. <i>cubensis</i> SWUF08-86

<p>The secondary metabolites of <i>Xylaria</i> cf. <i>cubensis</i> SWUF08-86 fungus were investigated, and the chromatographic separation of the crude extracts yielded seventeen compounds. The structure elucidation by spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR and the comparison of these data with literature, along with HREIMS spectrometry, revealed one new amino amidine derivative (<b>1</b>), together with five known simple cyclic dipeptide analogs, diketopiperazines (<b>2</b>–<b>6</b>) and eleven other known compounds, including one <i>hemi</i>-cycline (<b>10</b>), three aromatic derivatives (<b>11</b>–<b>13</b>), one sesquiterpene (<b>14</b>) and three sterols (<b>15</b>–<b>17</b>). The isolated compounds were screened for anticancer and anti-pathogenic bacterial and fungal activities. Based on this work, <i>Xylaria</i> cf. <i>cubensis</i> SWUF08-86 has proven to be a diverse secondary metabolites producer.</p

A new cerebroside and the cytotoxic constituents isolated from <i>Xylaria allantoidea</i> SWUF76

<p>A new cerebroside, namely allantoside (<b>1</b>), and 10 known compounds (<b>2</b>–<b>11</b>) were isolated from <i>Xylaria allantoidea</i> SWUF76. The structure of compound <b>1</b> was determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as high-resolution electron ionisation mass spectrometry (HREIMS) and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESIMS). Compounds <b>1</b>, <b>4</b>, <b>5</b>, <b>6</b>, <b>7</b>, <b>8</b> and <b>11</b> were evaluated for cytotoxic activities against cancer cell lines (Hela, HT29, HCT116 and MCF-7) and normal Vero cell lines by MTT assay. Compounds <b>6</b> and <b>7</b> exhibited anticancer activity after 24 h of treatment. Compound <b>7</b> showed significant cytotoxicity against Hela (IC₅₀ = 2.24 μg/mL), HT29 (IC₅₀ = 2.51 μg/mL), HCT116 (IC₅₀ = 3.50 μg/mL) and MCF-7 (IC₅₀ = 3.77 μg/mL) and Vero (IC₅₀:3.65 μg/mL) cells. Compound <b>6</b> showed slight cytotoxicity against all tested cancer cell lines.</p

Hypoxylonone, a new oxa-bridged seven-membered ring analog from fungus <i>Hypoxylon</i> cf. <i>subgilvum</i> SWUF15-004

A new oxa-bridged seven-membered ring analog, hypoxylonone (1), and thirteen known compounds (2–14) were isolated from fungus Hypoxylon cf. subgilvum SWUF15-004. The structures were elucidated by the analysis of spectroscopic (IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR), HRESIMS and X-ray diffraction (MoKα) data. Several isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, HT29, MCF-7, A549). Compound 1 exhibited weak inhibitory effects of the nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 8 and 9 exhibited slight cytotoxicity.</p

Engleromophilane, a new broad spectrum bioactive eremophilane-type sesquiterpene from <i>Engleromyces sinensis</i> fungus

A new eremophilane sesquiterpene, named engleromophilane (1) together with known eremoxylarin E (2) and steroids (3-7) were isolated from the fungus Engleromyces sinensis culture. The structures were deduced by the analysis of spectroscopic and MS data, together with the comparison of calculated 13C NMR chemical shifts and Electronic Circular Dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compound 1 showed cytotoxic effects against Hela, PC-3, HT29 and A549 cell lines with IC50 in the ranges of 4.84–9.48 μg/mL. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited substantial antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis. Moreover, compounds 1–3 showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, in which 2 displayed a strong inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 0.13 ± 0.01 µg/mL. This work has given additional value to the E. sinensis fungus as a remarkable bioactive compound producer, together with the possibility of increasing cultivation to industrial scales.</p