A Brief History of Bycatch Management Measures for Eastern Bering Sea Groundfish Fisheries

Bycatch management measures instituted for groundfish fisheries of the eastern Bering Sea have focused on reducing the incidental capture and injury of species traditionally harvested by other fisheries. These species include king crab, Paralithodes and Lithodes spp.; Tanner crab, Chionoecetes spp.; Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi; Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis; and Pacific salmon and steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus spp. Collectively, these species are called "prohibited species," as they cannot be retained as bycatch in groundfish fisheries and must be discarded with a minimum of injury

Ecosystem-based Management for Protected Species in the North Pacific Fisheries

In the North Pacific Ocean, an ecosystem-based fishery management approach has been adopted. A significant objective of this approach is to reduce interactions between fishery-related activities and protected species. We review management measures developed by the North Pacific Fishery Management Council and the National Marine Fisheries Service to reduce effects of the groundfish fisheries off Alaska on marine mammals and seabirds, while continuing to provide economic opportunities for fishery participants. Direct measures have been taken to mitigate known fishery impacts, and precautionary measures have been taken for species with potential (but no documented) interactions with the groundfish fisheries. Area closures limit disturbance to marine mammals at rookeries and haulouts, protect sensitive benthic habitat, and reduce potential competition for prey resources. Temporal and spatial dispersion of catches reduce the localized impact of fishery removals. Seabird avoidance measures have been implemented through collaboration with fishery participants and have been highly successful in reducing seabird bycatch. Finally, a comprehensive observer monitoring program provides data on the location and extent of bycatch of marine mammals and seabirds. These measures provide managers with the flexibility to adapt to changes in the status of protected species and evolving conditions in the fisheries. This review should be useful to fishery managers as an example of an ecosystem-based approach to protected species management that is adaptive and accounts for multiple objectives

THE PRIVATIZATION OF THE PRISON SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF REHABILITATIVE RESOURCES

Facing high rates of mass incarceration and prison overcrowding, the United States of America seems to believe that the privatization of its prison system could be a viable solution to the aforementioned problems. Despite the increased incarceration rates of the past few decades, the gradual privatization of the prison system is an understudied area. It is therefore important to understand the rationale behind the movement away from the public sector toward the private sector. This cross-sectional study adopted three theoretical approaches—Models of Incarceration Theory, Political Explanation Theory, and Overcrowding Theory—in an attempt to determine such rationale. It was hypothesized there will be a statistically significant difference in rehabilitative services between government-run prisons and privatized prisons in the United States. Multivariate binary logistic regression results from a sample of 1,009 prisons across the country (N = 1,009) demonstrate that government-run prisons offered more rehabilitative services than those run by the private sector (OR = 2.1, p \u3c .001). The results in this study hold implications for theory, research, social work practice, and policy

Calculating the Shear and Divergence of Light Rays

The purpose of this research was to calculate the shear and divergence of light rays bundles as they pass black holes. We defined a Lagrangian using the Schwarzchild metric then used the Euler-Lagrangian equation to create 6 first order OED’s for the light rays path. Next we found tangent vectors to the light ray so we could calculate Ψ0. In order to calculate the shear and divergence the method of calculation required simultaneously solving 16 ordinary differential equations. We used Mathematica to calculate how these light rays act but first we had to use calculus and algebra to derive these equations. We started from the Schwarzchild metric to find the Langrangian for the motion of the light rays. We then got results which were 6 ODE’s that gave velocity and acceleration in (Τ, r, θ, ϕ). Then we found the tangent vectors to these paths which allows us to solve for Ψ0 and finally we solved for the divergence and shear of the light rays