Influence of End Plates on Lift and Flow Field of a Canard-type Control Surface at a Mach Number of 2.00

The influence of triangular-shaped end plates on the lift and the flow field of a canard-type control surface mounted on a symmetrical fuselage was investigated in the Lewis 8- by 6-foot supersonic wind tunnel at a Mach number of 2.00, body angle of attack of 2 degrees, and control-surface deflection angles of 3 degrees, 6 degrees, 8 degrees, and 10 degrees. The investigation demonstrated that the addition of end plates to a canard-type control surface increased its lift and rearranged the single vortex into a two-vortex system. Perforating the end plates reduced these effects and resulted in a decrease in lift and a change in the flow-field characteristics

Investigation of shock-boundary-layer interaction on the spike of a conical-spike nose inlet

Measurements were made of the height of the shock-induced boundary-layer thickening and separation over a Mach number range of 1.6 to 2.0. The behavior of the interaction depended on longitudinal spike position as well as on cone surface Mach number. The cone position affected the interaction by changing the rate of subsonic diffusion and thereby changing the pressure aft of the terminal shock. When the pressure rise due to the interaction exceeded about 1.9, the boundary layer was separated

Effect of centerbody boundary-layer removal near the throat of three coniccal nose inlets at Mach 1.6 to 2.0

A zero angle-of-attack investigation of the effect of compression-surface boundary-layer bleed through perforations near the throat of three full-scale conical nose inlets was conducted in the Lewis 8- by 6- foot supersonic wind tunnel for a Mach number range from 1.6 to 2.0. The bleed system increased pressure recovery, shifted the peak of the diffuser-discharge total-pressure profile toward the center-body, and decreased the range of stable inlet operation. A propulsion-system thrust minus drag analysis indicated that the increases in inlet pressure recovery were too small to compensate for the esimated bleed system drags

Discordance in investigator-reported and adjudicated sudden death in TIOSPIR

Accurate and consistent determination of cause of death is challenging in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. TIOSPIR (N=17 135) compared the safety and efficacy of tiotropium Respimat 5/2.5 µg with HandiHaler 18 µg in COPD patients. All-cause mortality was a primary end-point. A mortality adjudication committee (MAC) assessed all deaths. We aimed to investigate causes of discordance in investigator-reported and MAC-adjudicated causes of death and their impact on results, especially cardiac and sudden death. The MAC provided independent, blinded assessment of investigator-reported deaths (n=1302) and assigned underlying cause of death. Discordance between causes of death was assessed descriptively (shift tables). There was agreement between investigator-reported and MAC-adjudicated deaths in 69.4% of cases at the system organ class level. Differences were mainly observed for cardiac deaths (16.4% investigator, 5.1% MAC) and deaths assigned to general disorders including sudden death (17.4% investigator, 24.6% MAC). Reasons for discrepancies included investigator attribution to the immediate (e.g. myocardial infarction (MI)) over the underlying cause of death (e.g. COPD) and insufficient information for a definitive cause. Cause-specific mortality varies in COPD, depending on the method of assignment. Sudden death, witnessed and unwitnessed, is common in COPD and often attributed to MI without supporting evidence