Pemantauan dan Pencegahan Penularan Virus Zika di Indonesia

Sama halnya dengan Virus Dengue dan Virus Chikungunya, Virus Zika juga ditularkan oleh nyamukAedes aegypti.1 Nyamuk ini biasanya hidup di daerah tropis dan sub tropis. Virus Zika pertamaditemukan pada seekor monyet resus di hutan Zika, Uganda, pada tahun 1947.1 Virus Zikakemudian ditemukan kembali pada nyamuk spesies Aedes africanus di hutan yang sama padatahun 1948 dan pada manusia di Nigeria pada tahun 1954. Virus Zika menjadi penyakit endemisdan mulai menyebar ke luar Afrika dan Asia pada tahun 2007 di wilayah Pasifik Selatan. Pada Mei2015, virus ini kembali merebak di Brazil.2 Penyebaran virus ini terus terjadi pada Januari 2016 diAmerika Utara, Amerika Selatan, Karibia, Afrika dan Samoa. Pada Bulan April 2016 dilaporkan puladi Vietnam dan kemudian mewabah di Singapura dan Thailand.2 Sampai dengan tanggal 11September 2016, sebanyak 329 kasus telah dijumpai di Singapura dan 8 diantaranya pada wanitahamil. Pada Bulan September 2016, Pemerintah Thailand mengumumkan bahwa telah dijumpaisebanyak 21 kasus di Bangkok dan semuanya dilaporkan karena penularan secara lokal.2 DiIndonesia, telah ditemukan virus Zika di Jambi pada tahun 2015 yang penularannya juga terjadisecara lokal karena orang yang terinfeksi tidak pernah bepergian keluar daerah tempattinggalnya.

Tren Jangka Panjang Prevalensi Neisseria Gonorrhoeae dan Chlamydia Trachomatis pada Pekerja Seks Perempuan di Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

The objective of this study is to analyze the long-term trends of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Chlamydiatrachomatis (CT) infections and risk factors among female sex workers (FSW) in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. In order tounderstand the long-term trends, secondary data was examined from the years 1997-1999, 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2010; toanalyze associated factors, data from 2010 was used. Analysis indicates an overall decrease of NG prevalence in Bali from60.5% (95%CI: 56.6-64.5) in 1997 to 22% (95%CI: 16.8-27.1) in 2010. CT prevalence has also experienced a long termdecline but not to the same degree as NG. Findings from analysis of surveys in 2004 and 2010 indicate that there is a strongrelationship between condom use in the last sexual transaction with NG infection (p=0.02), duration of sex work (p=0.02),number of clients in the last week (p=0.01), clinic visit intervals and clinic visit frequency. CT prevalence was associatedwith the number of clients (p=0.04) and clinic visit frequency. Unfortunately, these were the only variables collectedtherefore a multivariate analysis was not possible. High prevalence of both GN and CT is associated with the high mobilityof FSW and low condom use. There is a significant long-term decrease of NG prevalence from 60.5% to 22%. However, CTexperienced an insignificant long term decrease from 41.3% to 35%

Sexual Role and History of Sexual Transmited Infection as a Risk of HIV Seroconversion Among Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Attended Bali Medika Clinic Badung, Bali

Background and purpose: HIV prevalence among men who haved sex with men (MSM) increased from 5% on 2007 into 12% on 2011 in Indonesia. High risk sex behaviour was reported associated with HIV seroconversion, however reported research publication about risk factors of HIV seroconvertion among MSM is limited in Indonesia. This study aim to investigate risk factors of HIV seroconversion among MSM.Methods: Case control study was conducted based on cohort data from MSM which repeatetly visit Bali Medika Clinic, Kuta, Badung, Bali Province between 2011-2015. HIV Seroconversion was defined as MSM with a negative HIV status at the beginning of the observation and became positive on the next visit. Data were analyzed using Kaplan Meier and logistic regression method.Results: Median time of HIV seroconversion among MSM was 458 days or 1.2 years (IQR=224-699). Multivariate analysis showed that risk factors of HIV seroconversion were repeated STD's experience in the last 6 months with AOR=8.33 (95%CI: 1.77-89.81); had 1 time STD's history in last 6 months with AOR=1.91 (95%CI: 1.15-3.83); receptive sexual relationship in the last 6 months with AOR=3,45 (95%CI: 1.68-7.11); and versatile sexual relationship in the last 6 months with AOR=2.37 (95%CI: 1.09-5.13).Conclusion: STD's experience, receptive and versatile sexual role was reported as risk factors of HIV seroconversion among MSM

Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding, Housing and Environmental Conditions as Risk Factors of Pneumonia Among Under–Five Children at Public Health Center II South Denpasar

Background and purpose: In 2012, the South Denpasar II Public Health Center (PHC) had the 2nd highestpercentage of reported cases of pneumonia (15.9%). This study aimed to determine duration of exclusivebreastfeeding, housing and environment conditions as risk factors of pneumonia among under-five children.Methods: The study design was a case control. The cases were 60 under-five children with pneumonia and recordedin the PHC register between 1 January 2014 to 31 March 2015. Controls were 60 healthy under-five children visiting thePHC during study. Interviews with parents were conducted using questionnaires, and observation carried out usingspecific guidelines. Measurements of house physical environment variables were using hygrometer, luxmeter androllmeter. Data were analyzed using Stata SE 12.1.Results: Characteristics of mothers was comparable in terms of age, education, and income; while the children werecomparable in terms of age and gender. Risk factors found to increase pneumonia was duration of exclusivebreastfeeding <two months with OR=5.24 (95%CI: 1.96-14.01), no Hib and pneumococcal immunization with OR=3.68(95%CI: 1.11-12.17), access to natural lighting with OR=2.72 (95%CI: 1.05-7.00) and house density with OR=3.11 (95%CI:1.18-8.19). Frequency of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) >1 time in 6 months with OR=10.14 (95%CI: 3.67-28.02)were also found to be risk factors.Conclusion: Duration of exclusive breastfeeding, lack of natural lighting and house density were risk factors forpneumonia among under-five children

Factors Associated with Rabies Dog Vaccination Practices in Bebandem

Background and purpose: The first reported case of rabies in Bali was in November 2008, wherein prepiously in Bali was declared rabies free. The epidemic spread rapidly to all district, including Karangasem regency. By December 2015 there were 163 reported rabies cases and all of them were infected through dog bites. It was estimeted that there were 411,153 domestic canines in Bali. From 2009-2015 the immunization coverage in dog was reported 55.0-76.9%. This study aims to determine the proportion of households in the district of Bebandem that have vaccinated their dogs and the factors that influence the decision to vaccinate.Methods: The study was cross sectional and carried out in two villages in the district Bebandem with a sample of 110 families randomly selected. Data was collected through interviews regarding socio-demographic variables, knowledge, attitudes, perceptions, types of vaccination facilities, distance from vaccination facility and information received from the Departement of Agriculture/head of village. Multivariate analysis was done using poisson regression to determine the relationship between these variables with their dog vaccination for rabies.Results: Results indicated that 88% of households vaccinated their canine pets. Multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with the administration of the rabies vaccines were: having attended education session (APR=2.37; 95%CI: 1.34-4.18); family income (APR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.03-1.31); and perception (APR=3.09; 95%CI: 1.20-7.97). There was no significant relationship between education, knowledge and attitudes towards rabies vaccination in dog.Conclusion: Factors associated with dog rabies vaccination practice were having attended education session, family income and perception

Utilization Flour of White Shrimp Shell (Litopenaeus Vannamei) as Flavor with Addition of Dextrin and Aplication in Taro Chips

This research was aimed to determine the addition of shrimp shell flour as flavorin taro crisp and also to increase the taste for consumer. The result indicated thatutilization of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) shell flour as flavor in tarocrisp was significantly effect by consumer acceptance in taste and proximatanalysis with 60 panelist (85%). The treatment with adding 10% of dextrin andseasoning (P3) was the best treatment with organoleptic characteristic qualityreddish white in appearence, scent and taste to shrimp, and strongly seasoning.Proximat analysis for moisture content 6.61%, fat content 2.17% and ash content2.99%

Risk Factors of Moderate and Severe Malnutrition in Under Five Children at East Nusa Tenggara

Background and purpose: East Nusa Tenggara is the province with the prevalence of moderate and severemalnutrition second highest in Indonesia, amounting to 29.4%. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors ofmoderate and severe malnutrition among under five children at East Nusa Tenggara.Methods: A case control study was carried out at North Kodi Sub-district, Southwest Sumba District, East NusaTenggara, consisted of 38 moderate and severe malnutrition under five children as cases and 76 healthy under fivechildren as controls. Independent variables were maternal and child factors, feeding and health care practises andsanitazion. Data were collected by conducting interviews and analyzed using Stata SE 12.1. Bivariate analyzis was doneto calculate crude odd ratio and logistic regression was done to calculate adjusted odd ratio.Results: Bivariate analyzis showed that family income, frequency of illness, mother's knowledge, frequency of visitinghealth care centres, number of children , and quality of drinking water supply were risk factors. Multivariate analysisshowed that significant risk factors were frequency of illness (adjusted OR=35,4; 95%CI:4,8 – 256,8), family income(adjusted OR=14.8; 95%CI: 2.1-100.9), mother's knowledge (adjusted OR=9.8; 95%CI: 1.4-66.1), frequency of visitingposyandu (adjusted OR=9.0; 95%CI: 1.6-50.7) and source of drinking water (adjusted OR=7.1; 95%CI: 1.1-45.5).Conclusion: Frequency of illness, family income, mother's knowledge, frequency of visiting posyandu and source ofdrinking water were predominate risk factors of moderate and severe malnutrition at North Kodi Sub-district,Southwest Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. &nbsp