Usefulness of Cardiac Biomarker Score for Risk Stratification in Stable Patients Undergoing Elective Cardiac Evaluation Across Glycemic Status

Several clinically available cardiac biomarkers have established their prognostic value in patients with acute coronary syndromes. However, their relative prognostic significance in stable subjects has not been prospectively validated, either individually or in combination. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which B-type natriuretic peptide, myeloperoxidase, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein alone or together could be prognostic biomarkers in 3,635 consecutive stable patients without acute coronary syndrome who underwent elective diagnostic coronary angiography. After adjusting for traditional risk factors and renal function, each of the markers monitored was a significant predictor of incident major adverse cardiovascular events (death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke) over 3 years. A cardiac biomarker score based on the sum total of “positive” biomarkers provided independent prediction of future risk for incident major adverse cardiovascular events at 3 years (hazard ratio [HR] 7.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.98 to 11.65, p \u3c0.001), even after adjusted for traditional risk factors (HR 6.11, 95% CI 3.98 to 9.38, p \u3c0.001). A positive cardiac biomarker score remained a strong and independent predictor of 3-year risk for major adverse cardiovascular events among those with normal glycemic control (HR 4.24, 95% CI 1.96 to 9.18, p \u3c0.001), those with prediabetes (HR 7.62, 95% CI 3.87 to 15.01, p \u3c0.001), and those with diabetes (HR 5.61, 95% CI 2.55 to 12.33, p \u3c0.001), as well as within subjects without significant angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease (HR 10.82, 95% CI 3.82 to 30.6, p \u3c0.001). In conclusion, an integrated assessment of cardiac biomarkers may provide independent prognostic value for long-term adverse clinical events in stable cardiac patients

Cystatin C Identifies Patients with Stable Chronic Heart Failure at Increased Risk for Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Background—Renal function is a strong predictor of adverse events in heart failure. Current renal function measures are imperfect, and cystatin C (CysC) is promoted as a better marker of glomerular filtration rate. This study compares the prognostic use of CysC and derived glomerular filtration rate estimates with other measures of renal function in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods and Results—We measured serum CysC levels in 823 patients with heart failure undergoing coronary angiography with follow-up of major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, stroke). CysC levels strongly correlated with creatinine (r=0.73), blood urea nitrogen (r=0.70), and estimated glomerular filtration rate by the 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease equation (r=−0.62) (all P\u3c0.001). However, the correlation was lower in estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. CysC-based measures significantly improved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events, especially in estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (P\u3c0.01). Net reclassification improvement was 22.2% (P\u3c0.001) in this group. CysC remained an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (P\u3c0.001) after adjustment for traditional risk factors and brain natriuretic peptide. Conclusions—CysC is an independent predictor of adverse events in chronic heart failure. It adds prognostic value to creatinine, particularly in patients with preserved renal function

Cystatin C Identifies Patients with Stable Chronic Heart Failure at Increased Risk for Adverse Cardiovascular Events

Background—Renal function is a strong predictor of adverse events in heart failure. Current renal function measures are imperfect, and cystatin C (CysC) is promoted as a better marker of glomerular filtration rate. This study compares the prognostic use of CysC and derived glomerular filtration rate estimates with other measures of renal function in patients with chronic heart failure. Methods and Results—We measured serum CysC levels in 823 patients with heart failure undergoing coronary angiography with follow-up of major adverse cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, stroke). CysC levels strongly correlated with creatinine (r=0.73), blood urea nitrogen (r=0.70), and estimated glomerular filtration rate by the 4-variable modification of diet in renal disease equation (r=−0.62) (all P\u3c0.001). However, the correlation was lower in estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2. CysC-based measures significantly improved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events, especially in estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 (P\u3c0.01). Net reclassification improvement was 22.2% (P\u3c0.001) in this group. CysC remained an independent predictor of major adverse cardiovascular events (P\u3c0.001) after adjustment for traditional risk factors and brain natriuretic peptide. Conclusions—CysC is an independent predictor of adverse events in chronic heart failure. It adds prognostic value to creatinine, particularly in patients with preserved renal function

Plasma Myeloperoxidase Predicts Incident Cardiovascular Risks in Stable Patients Undergoing Medical Management for Coronary Artery Disease

BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations predict adverse clinical outcomes in the setting of acute coronary syndromes and heart failure, but the prognostic role of MPO in stable patients with known atherosclerotic burden is unclear. METHODS: We examined plasma MPO concentrations and their relationship with prevalent significant coronary artery disease (defined as \u3e50% stenosis in any coronary vessel) and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, in a 3-year prospective follow-up study of 1895 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. RESULTS: The median plasma MPO concentration was 101 pmol/L (interquartile range 68–187 pmol/L). Patients with plasma MPO concentrations \u3e322 pmol/L (14.6% of population) had increased risk of developing future MACEs [hazard ratio (HR) 1.78, 95% CI 1.33–2.37, P \u3c 0.001], and MPO as a single variable predictor of MACE showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.67. After adjusting for traditional cardiac risk factors, creatinine clearance, B-type natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), increased MPO concentrations remained significantly associated with incident MACEs over the ensuing 3-year period (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.27–2.30, P \u3c 0.001). In patients with increased hsCRP, MPO ≤322 pmol/L was associated with lower event rates than observed with MPO \u3e322 pmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma MPO concentrations provide independent prognostic value for the prediction of long-term incident MACEs in a stable, medically managed patient population with coronary artery disease. In individuals with increased hsCRP concentrations, we observed lower risk of incident MACEs when concomitant MPO concentrations were low vs when MPO concentrations were high

Plasma Myeloperoxidase Predicts Incident Cardiovascular Risks in Stable Patients Undergoing Medical Management for Coronary Artery Disease

BACKGROUND: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentrations predict adverse clinical outcomes in the setting of acute coronary syndromes and heart failure, but the prognostic role of MPO in stable patients with known atherosclerotic burden is unclear. METHODS: We examined plasma MPO concentrations and their relationship with prevalent significant coronary artery disease (defined as \u3e50% stenosis in any coronary vessel) and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), including death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, in a 3-year prospective follow-up study of 1895 patients undergoing elective coronary angiography. RESULTS: The median plasma MPO concentration was 101 pmol/L (interquartile range 68–187 pmol/L). Patients with plasma MPO concentrations \u3e322 pmol/L (14.6% of population) had increased risk of developing future MACEs [hazard ratio (HR) 1.78, 95% CI 1.33–2.37, P \u3c 0.001], and MPO as a single variable predictor of MACE showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.67. After adjusting for traditional cardiac risk factors, creatinine clearance, B-type natriuretic peptide, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), increased MPO concentrations remained significantly associated with incident MACEs over the ensuing 3-year period (HR 1.71; 95% CI 1.27–2.30, P \u3c 0.001). In patients with increased hsCRP, MPO ≤322 pmol/L was associated with lower event rates than observed with MPO \u3e322 pmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma MPO concentrations provide independent prognostic value for the prediction of long-term incident MACEs in a stable, medically managed patient population with coronary artery disease. In individuals with increased hsCRP concentrations, we observed lower risk of incident MACEs when concomitant MPO concentrations were low vs when MPO concentrations were high

Prognostic Value of Elevated Serum Ceruloplasmin Levels in Patients With Heart Failure

Background: Ceruloplasmin (Cp) is a copper-binding acute-phase protein that is increased in inflammatory states and deficient in Wilson\u27s disease. Recent studies demonstrate that increased levels of Cp are associated with increased risk of developing heart failure. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that serum Cp provides incremental and independent prediction of survival in stable patients with heart failure. Methods and Results: We measured serum Cp levels in 890 patients with stable heart failure undergoing elective cardiac evaluation that included coronary angiography. We examined the role of Cp levels in predicting survival over 5 years of follow-up. Mean Cp level was 26.6 ± 6.9 mg/dL and demonstrated relatively weak correlation with B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP; r = 0.187; P \u3c .001). Increased Cp levels were associated with increased 5-year all-cause mortality (quartile [Q] 4 vs Q1 hazard ratio [HR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4–2.8; P \u3c .001). When controlled for coronary disease traditional risk factors, creatinine clearance, dialysis, body mass index, medications, history of myocardial infarction, BNP, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), heart rate, QRS duration, left bundle branch blockage, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement, higher Cp remained an independent predictor of increased mortality (Q4 vs Q1 HR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1–2.6; P \u3c .05). Model quality was improved with addition of Cp to the aforementioned covariables (net reclassification improvement of 9.3%; P \u3c .001). Conclusions: Ceruloplasmin is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure. Measurement of Cp may help to identify patients at heightened mortality risk

Prognostic Value of Estimating Functional Capacity with The Use of The Duke Activity Status Index in Stable Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

BACKGROUND: Over the years, several methods have been developed to reliably quantify functional capacity in patients with heart failure. Few studies have investigated the prognostic value of these assessment tools beyond cardiorenal prognostic biomarkers in stable patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS: We administered the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) questionnaire, a self-assessment tool comprising 12 questions for estimating functional capacity, to 1,700 stable nonacute coronary syndrome patients with history of heart failure who underwent elective diagnostic coronary angiography with 5-year follow-up of all-cause mortality. In a subset of patients (n = 800), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) was measured. In our study cohort, the median DASI score was 26.2 (interquartile range [IQR] 15.5-42.7). Low DASI score provided independent prediction of a 3.3-fold increase in 5-year mortality risk (quartile 1 vs quartile 4: hazard ratio [HR] 3.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.57-4.36; P \u3c .0001). After adjusting for traditional risk factors, BNP, and estimated glomerular filtration rate, low DASI score still conferred a 2.6-fold increase in mortality risk (HR 2.57, 95% CI 1.64-4.15; P \u3c .0001). CONCLUSIONS: A simple self-assessment tool of functional capacity provides independent and incremental prognostic value for mortality prediction in stable patients with chronic heart failure beyond cardiorenal biomarkers