A study of the literature pertaining to kinesthesia and movement with special emphasis on the application of these to the teaching of sport skills

Kinesthesia can be briefly defined as the "muscle sense". However, this does not reveal the many and varied aspects encompassed by this sense sometimes labelled the "sixth sense". Wiebe (72) says that the functions of kinesthesia -- co-ordination, skill development, posture, body control, balance, and pressure discrimination--are all important in teaching physical education (72, p. 222)

Investigation into qNMR for use in natural products research

Natural products research constantly has to deal with problems of analysis. Therefore, orthogonal techniques are extremely valuable when analyzing complex mixtures that are often seen in fungal extracts. Analysis of results of fungal fermentation experiments can influence the design of further experimentation. Earlier results can then expedite the process of analysis. Quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR) offers analysis of complex mixtures at early stages and with several benefits over some more common methods of quantitation, including ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy (UV) and mass spectrometry (MS). Several experiments were conducted to construct a methodology for use in analysis of natural products samples. A broadly applicable method was sought for use in both pure and complex mixtures. An externally calibrated method was used to quantify the solvent peak inside of a single batch of DMSO-d6, which was used repeatedly to quantify interesting analytes. Thereby, a method was constructed that did not require contamination with calibrant for quantification of analyte signals. The method was implemented to measure the biosynthetic yield of griseofulvin and dechlorogriseofulvin from three fungal isolates. One isolate, a Xylaria sp. coded MSX648662, was found to biosynthesize griseofulvin in the greatest yield, 149 ± 8 mg per fermentation, and was selected for further supply experiments

Relationship of feeding human milk by breast versus bottle with infant growth

Research suggests that infants fed human milk from a bottle versus the breast may have higher weight gains in the first six to 12 months of life. The purpose of this study was to determine if infants fed human milk directly from the breast differed in growth and adiposity measurements compared to those fed human milk from the bottle. Infant's weight, length, and tricep and subscapular skinfold thickness were measured at two, four, and six months of age. Mothers reported infant birth weight and length and completed monthly questionnaires on infant feeding practices (e.g., number of human milk feedings by bottle or breast per day, age of introduction to complementary foods, and infant bottle-emptying behavior). Infants were placed into two groups based on their reported mode of feeding at three months: Nursing Group (NG, n=15), infants fed predominantly at the breast with less than 25% of the daily feeds from a bottle and Bottle Group (BG, n=10), infants fed human milk from the bottle 25% or more of the daily feeds. Change in BMI z-scores from two to four months were significantly different between groups (NG=-0.16 ± 0.62 vs. BG=0.56 ± 0.99, p=0.03). Change in BMI z-scores from four to six months were no longer significantly different between groups (NG=0.32 ± 0.62 vs. BG=0.60 ± 0.65, p=0.3). Changes in skinfold thickness measures and z-scores were not statistically different between groups at any age. Weight gain velocity was compared to WHO weight velocity standards. Only three infants in each group exceeded the 75th percentile for weight gain velocity from two to four months, and two in each group from four to six months. The majority of parents reported those infants fed human milk from the bottle finished the bottle “most of the time” or “always.” None of the infants were introduced to complementary foods before four months. The results of this study suggest that bottle-feeding human milk may be related to differences in weight gain during two to four months. However, follow up for a longer time period with a larger sample size is necessary to fully investigate the relationship of bottle-feeding with infant growth

Regular dangers

This collection of short stories concerns a range of characters --- mischievous pre-teen boys, an elderly widow, and a disillusioned white-collar worker

A physical fitness knowledge test for first graders

The major purposes of this study were to construct a pictorial paper-and-pencil physical fitness knowledge test for first graders based on the content contained in the AAHPERD (1981a) Basic Stuff with a focus on the Exercise Physiology component of the series, and to establish reliability and validity of the instrument. The procedure for developing a physical fitness knowledge test for first graders involved construction of a two-way table of specifications delineating test content from Basic Stuff and utilization of a cognitive taxomony from the Educational Testing Service (n.d.). The pilot studies consisted of 15 test items. The first pilot study analysis indicated that the test did not discriminate well so the test for the second pilot study had three pictorial choices rather than two. The test was administered to 73 first-graders. The Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 yielded a reliability coefficient of .38 on the first pilot study and .40 on the second pilot study. Flanagan's (1939) method of item analysis was used to determine statistical validity of the 15 test items. Items meeting the criterion for acceptance were retained, while the remaining items were discarded or revised

A survey of duelling in the United States

This thesis was undertaken to study duelling as an aspect of social history in the United States. The aim of the researcher was to go beyond mere chronicling of particular duels, in an effort to ascertain feelings and attitudes toward the practice. To obtain such information, both published and unpublished sources were consulted, to reconstruct the story of duelling as it developed in America. The duel grew out of European practices, particularly the chivalry associated with knighthood. The custom was later transported to America by European settlers, though few duels occurred before the American Revolution. The presence of aristocratic European officers in America during that conflict influenced natives, who retained the duelling custom. The duel was present in all sections of the new nation until Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804. At that point the duel lost favor in the Northern states, but held on primarily in the Southern states. Northern political leaders and military men continued to duel from time to time, however

The multiple writing genres of online learning : students' experience of writing in the online classroom space

Based upon theories of computer mediated communication of Herring and Lemke and the work of genre scholars such as Askehave, Santini, and Devitt, this qualitative study explored how computer mediated communication shapes writing genres in an online classroom. Genre embodies the context and users' purpose for any textual communication. Through a case study of a graduate level online class, the study investigated students' experiences of the genres realized by their writing in the online classroom. The primary goal of the research study was to understand students' experiences of enacting the multiple writing genres in an online class. The research questions were: 1) What are the rhetorical situations for students' writing in an online classroom? 2) How do students acquire knowledge of the conventions of the multiple genres of online classroom writing? 3) What are students' experiences of enacting the multiple writing genres in an online classroom? Semi-structured transcribed interviews, field notes of online classroom observations, artifacts gathered from the online class, and questionnaire results were collected as data and interpreted by applying an inductive analysis. The online classroom is a multi-generic space where students are called upon to enact various writing genres, depending on the rhetorical situation of the learning activity, in order to perform the social practices of online education. Genre is a useful lens for exploring students' online writing practices because genres offer a means of accessing the ways language forms the experience of information and ideas. Since online classes immerse students in an environment of written text, online student writing illustrates evolving web genres in action. This changeable notion of genre suggests that opportunities exist within the online space for students to direct their own genre performances in ways that make sense for their computer mediated learning environment. The study revealed students' awareness of their own rhetorical choices through the enactment of particular writing genres online and how their writing was shaped by computer mediated communication. The online classroom has the potential to be an optimal space for students to engage in genre (re)formation shaped by the CMC medium of online learning. The results and analysis of the research may influence institutions to take a more informed approach to improving instructional practices online in general and writing practices online in particular

Techniques used by rural mothers in rearing their only child who was under three years of age

Although the questions were asked in a different way, the study by Jersild5 of the joys and problems of child rearing is somewhat similar to the portion of the present study concerned with the favorable and unfavorable behavior of children, as viewed by their mothers. The families represented were drawn mainly from urban, white, middle class groups. However, enough suburban and low socio-economic families were in the sample for the authors to report findings significant for these groups. Many more urban parents than suburban parents mentioned problems related to health and to living quarters such as inadequate space and resulting irritability. Parents of low socio-economic status mentioned the problem of living quarters more than any other problem; also, these parents appeared to show less awareness and appreciation of the psychological characteristics of their children than did parents of higher economic status.

The clothing needs of women over sixty-five years of age

This study was designed to determine the clothing needs of active women over 65 years of age who live in two retirement homes in the vicinity of Greensboro, North Carolina. Special attention is focused on the opinions of individuals regarding their clothing needs as influenced by their activities and occasions. A questionnaire was developed to collect data for the study. The questions were grouped in the following categories: (1) personal data sheet; (2) relationship with family and friends inside and outside the home; (3) activities of the individual within and without the home (to include personal grooming); (4) clothing preferences for personal activities and selected occasion; (5) care and storage of clothing as influences in meeting clothing needs; and (6) problems related to the acquisition and use of clothing

Bridging the virtual gap in internet based music instruction: a feasibility study in trombone performance education

Since being introduced into classrooms in the late 1990s, online instruction has grown substantially both in student enrollment and the number of programs offered at state, district, and multi-district levels. Although having been applied liberally to all core subjects and many supplemental subjects, online instruction has yet to be utilized extensively in the musical arts. Courses in music performance present a unique set of technological and logistical challenges when adapted to an online setting. Nevertheless, private music teachers have utilized Internet resources extensively. Similar techniques applied to public school music programs, however, have yet to be explored thoroughly. Utilizing a combination of asynchronous instruction and synchronous instruction for teaching online music performance courses offers a potential for study and development. The purpose of this study was to establish the feasibility of an online music performance course that included both asynchronous and synchronous instruction. An approach that utilized both a multimedia blog format and real-time video instruction was developed, implemented, and delivered to a limited group of trombone students as a pilot study. Nine students participated in online trombone lessons that focused primarily upon the development of performance fundamentals. The delivery of content was assessed to determine a feasible format for music performance instruction in an online setting. Although typical technological shortcomings were experienced during instructional settings, students were able to identify, explain, and apply concepts gleaned from the blog and real-time video lessons. Internet-based resources have been applied to independent and collegiate music performance instruction; pedagogical approaches, however, have not been developed for use in secondary level online learning programs. Consequently, online music performance instruction has not evolved as rapidly as online instruction of core academic subjects. As technological advances become available, the possibility for delivering online instruction in areas of the performing arts, and especially in music performance, becomes more feasible and likely will be integrated into the curricula of many online learning programs. Until such time, the implementation of viable online instructional models is essential for the development of traditional music performance courses