Neuronale Stamm- und Vorlaeuferzellen

Das zentrale Nervensystem von Wirbeltieren entsteht in der Embryonalentwicklung aus einem einschichtigen Epithel, dem Neuroepithel. Waehrend der Neurogenese bildet sich aus diesem einfachen Epithel das komplexe Netzwerk des vielschichtigen Gehirngewebes. Dabei produzieren neurale Stammzellen und die aus ihnen hervorgehenden neuronalen Vorlaeuferzellen (die wir der Einfachheit halber beide unter dem Oberbegriff progenitors zusammenfassen) alle Nervenzellen (Neurone) des Gehirns

Bile canaliculi remodeling activates YAP via the actin cytoskeleton during liver regeneration

Abstract The mechanisms of organ size control remain poorly understood. A key question is how cells collectively sense the overall status of a tissue. We addressed this problem focusing on mouse liver regeneration. Using digital tissue reconstruction and quantitative image analysis, we found that the apical surface of hepatocytes forming the bile canalicular network expands concomitant with an increase in F‐actin and phospho‐myosin, to compensate an overload of bile acids. These changes are sensed by the Hippo transcriptional co‐activator YAP, which localizes to apical F‐actin‐rich regions and translocates to the nucleus in dependence of the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton. This mechanism tolerates moderate bile acid fluctuations under tissue homeostasis, but activates YAP in response to sustained bile acid overload. Using an integrated biophysical–biochemical model of bile pressure and Hippo signaling, we explained this behavior by the existence of a mechano‐sensory mechanism that activates YAP in a switch‐like manner. We propose that the apical surface of hepatocytes acts as a self‐regulatory mechano‐sensory system that responds to critical levels of bile acids as readout of tissue status