Generalized two-body self-consistent theory of random linear dielectric composites: an effective-medium approach to clustering in highly-disordered media

Effects of two-body dipolar interactions on the effective permittivity/conductivity of a binary, symmetric, random dielectric composite are investigated in a self-consistent framework. By arbitrarily splitting the singularity of the Green tensor of the electric field, we introduce an additional degree of freedom into the problem, in the form of an unknown "inner" depolarization constant. Two coupled self-consistent equations determine the latter and the permittivity in terms of the dielectric contrast and the volume fractions. One of them generalizes the usual Coherent Potential condition to many-body interactions between single-phase clusters of polarizable matter elements, while the other one determines the effective medium in which clusters are embedded. The latter is in general different from the overall permittivity. The proposed approach allows for many-body corrections to the Bruggeman-Landauer (BL) scheme to be handled in a multiple-scattering framework. Four parameters are used to adjust the degree of self-consistency and to characterize clusters in a schematic geometrical way. Given these parameters, the resulting theory is "exact" to second order in the volume fractions. For suitable parameter values, reasonable to excellent agreement is found between theory and simulations of random-resistor networks and pixelwise-disordered arrays in two and tree dimensions, over the whole range of volume fractions. Comparisons with simulation data are made using an "effective" scalar depolarization constant that constitutes a very sensitive indicator of deviations from the BL theory.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figure

Fast Fourier Transform computations and build-up of plastic deformation in 2D, elastic-perfectly plastic, pixelwise disordered porous media

Stress and strain fields in a two-dimensional pixelwise disordered system are computed by a Fast Fourier Transform method. The system, a model for a ductile damaged medium, consists of an elastic-perfectly matrix containing void pixels. Its behavior is investigated under equibiaxial or shear loading. We monitor the evolution with loading of plastically deformed zones, and we exhibit a nucleation / growth / coalescence scenario of the latter. Identification of plastic ``clusters'' is eased by using a discrete Green function implementing equilibrium and continuity at the level of one pixel. Observed morphological regimes are put into correspondence with some features of the macroscopic stress / strain curves.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Presented at the "11th International Symposium On Continuum Models and Discrete Systems (CMDS 11)" (Ecole des Mines, Paris, July 30- August 3 2007

Fourier-based schemes with modified Green operator for computing the electrical response of heterogeneous media with accurate local fields

A modified Green operator is proposed as an improvement of Fourier-based numerical schemes commonly used for computing the electrical or thermal response of heterogeneous media. Contrary to other methods, the number of iterations necessary to achieve convergence tends to a finite value when the contrast of properties between the phases becomes infinite. Furthermore, it is shown that the method produces much more accurate local fields inside highly-conducting and quasi-insulating phases, as well as in the vicinity of the phases interfaces. These good properties stem from the discretization of Green's function, which is consistent with the pixel grid while retaining the local nature of the operator that acts on the polarization field. Finally, a fast implementation of the "direct scheme" of Moulinec et al. (1994) that allows for parcimonious memory use is proposed.Comment: v2: `postprint' document (a few remaining typos in the published version herein corrected in red; results unchanged

Localization of elastic deformation in strongly anisotropic, porous, linear materials with periodic microstructures: exact solutions and dilute expansions

Exact solutions are derived for the problem of a two-dimensional, infinitely anisotropic, linear-elastic medium containing a periodic lattice of voids. The matrix material possesses either one infinitely soft, or one infinitely hard loading direction, which induces localized (singular) field configurations. The effective elastic moduli are computed as functions of the porosity in each case. Their dilute expansions feature half-integer powers of the porosity, which can be correlated to the localized field patterns. Statistical characterizations of the fields, such as their first moments and their histograms are provided, with particular emphasis on the singularities of the latter. The behavior of the system near the void close packing fraction is also investigated. The results of this work shed light on corresponding results for strongly nonlinear porous media, which have been obtained recently by means of the ``second-order'' homogenization method, and where the dilute estimates also exhibit fractional powers of the porosity.Comment: 22 pages, 10 figure

Fourier-based schemes for computing the mechanical response of composites with accurate local fields

We modify the Green operator involved in Fourier-based computational schemes in elasticity, in 2D and 3D. The new operator is derived by expressing continuum mechanics in terms of centered differences on a rotated grid. Use of the modified Green operator leads, in all systems investigated, to more accurate strain and stress fields than using the discretizations proposed by Moulinec and Suquet (1994) or Willot and Pellegrini (2008). Moreover, we compared the convergence rates of the "direct" and "accelerated" FFT schemes with the different discretizations. The discretization method proposed in this work allows for much faster FFT schemes with respect to two criteria: stress equilibrium and effective elastic moduli.Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures (2 B&W). To appear in Comptes Rendus - M\'ecaniqu

Elastic behavior of composites containing Boolean random sets of inhomogeneities

International audienceThe overall mechanical response as well as strain and stress field statistics of an heterogeneous material made of two randomly distributed, linear elastic phases, are investigated numerically. The Boolean model of spheres is used to generate microstructures consisting of either porous or rigid inclusions, at any volume fraction of the phases. Stress and strain field integral ranges, or equivalently the representative volume element, are computed and linked to features of the field statistics, and to the microstructure geometry

Elastic and electrical behavior of some random multiscale highly-contrasted composites

International audienceThe role of a non-uniform distribution of heterogeneities on the elastic as well as electrical properties of composites is studied numerically and compared with available theoretical results. Specifically, a random model made of embedded Boolean sets of spherical inclusions (see e.g. Jean et al, 2007) serves as the basis for building simple two-scales microstructures of ``granular''-type. Materials with ``infinitely-contrasted'' properties are considered, i.e. inclusions elastically behave as rigid particles or pores, or as perfectly-insulating or highly-conducting heterogeneities. The inclusion spatial dispersion is controlled by the ratio between the two characteristic lengths of the microstructure. The macroscopic behavior as well as the local response of composites are computed using full-field computations, carried out with the "Fast Fourier Transform" method (Moulinec and Suquet, 1994). The entire range of inclusion concentration, and dispersion ratios up to the separation of length scales are investigated. As expected, the non-uniform dispersion of inhomogeneities in multi-scale microstructures leads to increased reinforcing or softening effects compared to the corresponding one-scale model (Willot and Jeulin, 2009); these effects are however still significantly far apart from Hashin-Shtrikman bounds. Similar conclusions are drawn regarding the electrical conductivity

Ecosystem service framework and typology for an ecosystem approach to aquaculture

International audienceThe ecosystem approach to aquaculture (EAA) considers ecosystem services (ES) important but does not provide a conceptual framework or a typology to integrate and assess them. To supplement the EAA, a literature review of the ES conceptual framework and ES typologies was combined with selected criteria from the EAA and ES literature. Eight criteria of transition from a conventional approach to aquaculture to the EAA were used as selection criteria to choose a conceptual framework of ES relevant with the EAA. To select a typology, we determined that ES must be distinguished from benefits, be a part of nature, be usable directly and indirectly, and not contain support or habitat ES. The conceptual framework of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is the most compatible with the EAA but does not provide an ES typology. The Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES) provides the ES typology most consistent with EAA criteria to supplement the conceptual framework. We identified 10 provisioning ES, 20 regulation and maintenance ES, and 11 cultural ES. Integration of the IPBES conceptual framework with the CICES typology preserves the generic approach of the EAA. This integration could highlight the main interactions among an aquaecosystem, its ES supply, its management, and its relevant stakeholders at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, it fulfils the three main goals of the EAA by identifying them in a clear and common framework

Morphological modeling of three-phase microstructures of anode layers using SEM images

International audienceA general method is proposed to model 3D microstructures representative of three-phase anode layers used in fuel cells. The models are based on SEM images of cells with varying morphologies. The materials are first characterized using three morphological measurements: (cross-)covariances, granulometry and linear erosion. They are measured on segmented SEM images, for each of the three phases. Second, a generic model for three-phase materials is proposed. The model is based on two independent underlying random sets which are otherwise arbitrary. The validity of this model is verified using the cross-covariance functions of the various phases. In a third step, several types of Boolean random sets and plurigaussian models are considered for the unknown underlying random sets. Overall, good agreement is found between the SEM images and three-phase models based on plurigaussian random sets, for all morphological measurements considered in the present work: covariances, granulometry and linear erosion. The spatial distribution and shapes of the phases produced by the plurigaussian model are visually very close to the real material. Furthermore, the proposed models require no numerical optimization and are straightforward to generate using the covariance functions measured on the SEM images

Stokes flow through a Boolean model of spheres: Representative volume element

International audienceThe Stokes flow is numerically computed in porous media based on 3D Boolean random sets of spheres. Two configurations are investigated in which the fluid flows inside the spheres or in the complementary set of the spheres. Full-field computations are carried out using the Fourier method of Wiegmann (2007). The latter is applied to large system sizes representative of the microstructure. The overall permeability of the two models as well as the representative volume element are estimated as a function of the pore volume fraction. We give numerical estimates for the asymptotic behavior of the permeability in the dilute limit for the solid phase, and close to the percolation threshold of the pores. FFT maps of the velocity field are presented, for increasing values of the pore volume fraction. The patterns of the local velocity field is analyzed using various morphological criteria. The tortuosity of the streamlines is found to be much higher than the geometrical tortuosity, for both models. The histograms of the velocity field are computed at increasing pore volume fraction. The covariance of orientation is used to characterize the spatial correlation of the velocity field