16 research outputs found

    A brief review: history to understand fundamentals of electrocardiography

    No full text
    The last decade of the 19th century witnessed the rise of a new era in which physicians used technology along with classical history taking and physical examination for the diagnosis of heart disease. The introduction of chest x-rays and the electrocardiograph (electrocardiogram) provided objective information about the structure and function of the heart. In the first half of the 20th century, a number of innovative individuals set in motion a fascinating sequence of discoveries and inventions that led to the 12-lead electrocardiogram, as we know it now. Electrocardiography, nowadays, is an essential part of the initial evaluation for patients presenting with cardiac complaints. As a first line diagnostic tool, health care providers at different levels of training and expertise frequently find it imperative to interpret electrocardiograms. It is likely that an understanding of the electrical basis of electrocardiograms would reduce the likelihood of error. An understanding of the disorders behind electrocardiographic phenomena could reduce the need for memorizing what may seem to be an endless list of patterns. In this article, we will review the important steps in the evolution of electrocardiogram. As is the case in most human endeavors, an understanding of history enables one to deal effectively with the present

    From degeneration to infection/inflammation, and from individual-centered to ecologic approaches to investigation of evolving patterns of diseases occurrences in populations Da degeneração à infecção e da abordagem centrada no indivíduo à investigação ecológica dos padrões de ocorrência de enfermidades nas populações

    No full text
    Variation in attributes of CHD cases over time suggests a temporal change in the source sub-population of cases. It is proposed that an early 20th century expansion of a CHD-prone sub-population, characterized by high-serum cholesterol phenotype and high case-fatality - and which contributed with most of the CHD cases and deaths during the 1960s - may have followed the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. The extinction of those birth-cohorts would have resulted in a relative increase in cases coming from a second source sub-population, characterized by insulin resistance and chronic expression of low grade inflammation markers, comparatively less vulnerable to acutely die from CHD. This re-interpretation of the CHD trend, and the abandonment of the idea of degeneration for inflammation/infection calls for a change in epidemiology. Besides exposures (diet, infection...), temporal variations in proportional representations of inherited and acquired phenotypes associated with individual resistance/vulnerability, would be important determinants of evolving patterns of diseases occurrences in populations.<br>A variação registrada nos atributos dos casos de Doença Isquêmica do Coração (DIC) ao longo do tempo sugere variação temporal na subpopulação fonte dos casos. Propõe-se que tenha ocorrido, em associação com a Pandemia de Influenza de 1918, a expansão de uma subpopulação caracterizada por um fenótipo de hipercolesterolemia e alta propensão à mortalidade por DIC, que teria contribuído com a maior parte dos casos e dos óbitos por DIC registrados na década de 1960. A progressiva extinção daquelas coortes de nascimento teria resultado em crescimento relativo dos casos de DIC oriundos de uma segunda subpopulação, caracterizada por resistência à insulina e expressão de marcadores associados a inflamação crônica subclínica. Esta re-interpretação da tendência temporal da mortalidade por DIC, e o abandono da idéia de degeneração pela idéia de inflamação/infecção pede por uma mudança na epidemiologia. Além de exposições ambientais (dieta, infecção), variações temporais nas representações proporcionais de fenótipos associados à resistência e à vulnerabilidade individual seriam importantes determinantes dos padrões de ocorrência de doenças em populações

    Parosteal osteosarcoma with myocardial metastasis 13 years after follow-up Osteossarcoma parostal com metástase miocárdica após 13 anos de seguimento

    No full text
    PURPOSE: To report the case of a woman with a diagnosis of grade II (low grade) parosteal osteosarcoma with the occurrence of myocardial metastasis 13 years after resection, and to present a review of the existing literature on the subject. METHODS: Description of the case and review of the literature. CONCLUSION: The review leads to the conclusion that the occurrence of metastasis from parosteal osteosarcoma can occur in up to 38% of the cases, in spite of its relatively low aggressiveness. However, myocardial metastasis of a parosteal osteosarcoma is an event that was not found in the literature.<br>OBJETIVOS: Os autores relatam um caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, com diagnóstico de osteossarcoma parostal grau II (baixo grau), que evoluiu com a ocorrência de metástase miocárdica 13 anos após a ressecção do tumor e incluem uma revisão da literatura sobre o assunto. MÉTODOS: Descrição do caso e revisão da literatura. CONCLUSÕES: A revisão leva à conclusão que a existência de metástases oriundas do osteossarcoma parosteal pode ocorrer em até 38 % dos casos, a despeito da sua relativa baixa agressividade. No entanto, a metástase miocárdica constitui um evento não relatado na literatura
    corecore