Iowa Women: The Kinds of Food They Eat

What does is take to keep nutritionally fit throughout life? Are Iowa women choosing the right kinds of foods? Here\u27s a picture of what Iowa women are eating every day and the nutritional worth of their meals

Associations between Sleep Problems and Anxiety in Youth

Most of us are able to recall sleepless nights during periods of heightened anxiety, and the associations between sleep and anxiety are sufficiently well established to be acknowledged in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Indeed, sleeprelated difficulties are included in the diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. In contrast to the wealth of literature highlighting associations between sleep problems and anxiety in adults, less is known about these associations in children and adolescents. It is important to understand associations between disorders as there is evidence to suggest that co-occurring difficulties may result in greater impairment than those occurring alone. For example, a study focusing upon depression found that individuals with co-occurring disorders were more likely to demonstrate suicidal behaviour as compared to those with pure depression (Rohde et al., 1991). Furthermore, focusing upon children is important as various difficulties, including anxiety, may appear early in life and persist into adulthood (Kim- Cohen et al., 2003). This article summarises some key findings with regards to the associations between sleep problems and anxiety in youth and proposes possible clinical implications of this research

Anxiety disorders and sleep in children and adolescents

Sleep problems are common in children and adolescents. A growing body of research has explored the relationship between sleep problems and anxiety in youth. When reviewing the literature, methodologic inconsistencies need to be considered, such as variation in conceptualization of sleep problems, measurement of sleep, and the classification of anxiety. Despite this, there seems to be good evidence of concurrent and longitudinal associations between sleep difficulties and anxiety in community and clinical samples of young people. Potential mechanisms are proposed. There is a need for further exploration of these relationships, with the hope of aiding preventive capability and developing useful treatments

Endotracheal Versus Intravenous Epinephrine During Electromechanical Dissociation with CPR in Dogs

The dose-response curves of epinephrine given either IV or endotracheally (ET) were compared during resuscitation from electromechanical dissociation (EMD). Ten anesthetized dogs were subjected to a two-minute period of electrically induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) followed by defibrillation without CPR to produce EMD. Mechanical CPR was followed by injection of either ET or IV epinephrine. Successful response was defined as a return of pulsatile blood pressure within two minutes of drug administration. Using log-dose increments of epinephrine, experimental trials were repeated in each animal. The IV and ET median effective doses were 14 and 130 g/kg, respectively. When the trials were successful, the time between drug administration and either arterial blood pressure increases or return of spontaneous circulation did not differ significantly for the ET and IV groups. These results show that the dosage for epinephrine delivered ET must be higher than the IV dosage to achieve the same response during CPR

Food intakes of 2,189 women in five north central states

Nearly 2,200 women, ranging in age from 30 to more than 90 years, living in five North Central states, provided the 24-hour dietaries from which data summarized in this bulletin were obtained. The women interviewed in Iowa and South Dakota were selected by area-probability sampling methods, so that they represented all women over 29 years of age in each of these two states. Four other samples were drawn from three urban centers: one from Urbana, Illinois; two (one white, one Negro) from Lansing-East Lansing, Michigan; and one from St. Paul, Minnesota. The mean nutritive values of 24-hour dietaries reported by the white women in the five samples were similar: Food energy values ranged from 1,665 to 1,780 Cal.; protein values from 53 to 64 gm.; calcium, from 0.44 to 0.64 gm.; iron, from 9.9 to 11.9 mg.; ascorbic acid, from 53 to 75 mg.; thiamine, from 0.9 to 1.1 mg.; riboflavin, from 1.1 to 1.4 mg.; niacin, from 9.2 to 11.0 mg.; vitamin A value, from 4,425 to 6,730 I.U. Individual intakes within each sample varied considerably. Days\u27 diets of Negro women in the Lansing-East Lansing sample supplied mean amounts of food energy and of all nutrients except vitamin A that were lower than those of dietaries of any group of white women studied

Effect of exercise intensity on circulating hepatokine concentrations in healthy men

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) are novel hepatokines which are modulated by metabolic stresses. This study investigated whether exercise intensity modulates the hepatokine response to acute exercise. Ten young, healthy men undertook three 8-h experimental trials: moderate-intensity exercise (MOD; 55% V̇O2 peak), high-intensity exercise (HIGH; 75% V̇O2 peak) and control (CON; rest), in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Exercise trials commenced with a treadmill run of varied duration to match gross exercise energy expenditure between trials (MOD vs HIGH; 2475 ± 70 vs 2488 ± 58 kJ). Circulating FGF21, follistatin, LECT2, glucagon, insulin, glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured before exercise and at 0, 1, 2, 4 and 7 h post-exercise. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were increased up to 4 h post-exercise compared to CON (P ≤ 0.022) with greater increases observed at 1, 2 and 4 h post-exercise during HIGH vs MOD (P ≤ 0.025). Irrespective of intensity (P ≥ 0.606), plasma follistatin concentrations were elevated at 4 and 7 h post-exercise (P ≤ 0.053). Plasma LECT2 concentrations were increased immediately post-exercise (P ≤ 0.046) but were not significant after correcting for plasma volume shifts. Plasma glucagon (1 h; P = 0.032) and NEFA (4 and 7 h; P ≤ 0.029) responses to exercise were accentuated in HIGH vs MOD. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise augments circulating FGF21 and follistatin. Exercise-induced changes in FGF21 are intensity-dependent and may support the greater metabolic benefit of high-intensity exercise