Total knee arthroplasty in valgus knee

SummaryTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) in valgus knee has the reputation of being more difficult than in well aligned or varus knee, and there is no management consensus. Results on a continuous series of 100 TKAs on valgus knee were compared to the literature data, to define surgical strategy adapted to the various types of valgus knee

Is it dangerous? The role of an emotional visual search strategy and threat‐relevant training in the detection of guns and knives

Counter‐terrorism strategies rely on the assumption that it is possible to increase threat detection by providing explicit verbal instructions to orient people's attention to dangerous objects and hostile behaviours in their environment. Nevertheless, whether verbal cues can be used to enhance threat detection performance under laboratory conditions is currently unclear. In Experiment 1, student participants were required to detect a picture of a dangerous or neutral object embedded within a visual search display on the basis of an emotional strategy ‘is it dangerous?’ or a semantic strategy ‘is it an object?’. The results showed a threat superiority effect that was enhanced by the emotional visual search strategy. In Experiment 2, whilst trainee police officers displayed a greater threat superiority effect than student controls, both groups benefitted from performing the task under the emotional than semantic visual search strategy. Manipulating situational threat levels (high vs. low) in the experimental instructions had no effect on visual search performance. The current findings provide new support for the language‐as‐context hypothesis. They are also consistent with a dual‐processing account of threat detection involving a verbally mediated route in working memory and the deployment of a visual template developed as a function of training

Artificial spawning in cultured sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus L., with special emphasis on hermaphrodites

International audienceHormonal stimulation of sterlet sturgeon, Acipenser ruthenus, was carried out with carp pituitary extract at 2 and 5 mg kg−1 body weight for males on the one hand, females and hermaphrodites on the other hand. Within our experimental stock, reproductive performances defined by relative number of ovulated females, fertilisation rate, and relative number of good quality semen samples had begun to decline in fish older than 14-16 years. Ovarian cycle have proved to be mostly annual recurring cycles with a 1-year interval (40% to 50%) or 2-year interval (27% to 34%). Spawnable females ranged from 39% to 86% in our experimental period 1994 to 2000. Selection of spawnable females was mainly based on a minimum size of oocytes of 2.5-2.6 mm. For the first time, hermaphrodites have been reported in farmed sterlet sturgeon. Few sequential and simultaneous hermaphrodites have been observed. Most of the time both gametes proved to be functional in either mating. Embryonic survival of self-fertilised eggs ranged from 0% to 70%. Progeny was obtained twice. Out of 102 (1994) to 76 (2000) individuals representing an equilibrated sex ratio, 2 to 4 individuals, respectively, were hermaphrodites. The number of hermaphrodites increased with the age of the fish. Anatomical and physiological aspects are discussed. The modelling of our data demonstrates that fertilisation depends on gamete interaction, of which practical consequences are discussed. Artificial reproduction of hermaphrodite fish was confirmed by genetic analysis. Microsatellite analysis produced a homozygous excess of two alleles, both polymorphic loci

Genetic variability of the Gironde population of Acipenser sturio

International audienceAcipenser sturio reproduces currently only in the Gironde basin, France, with three natural reproductions observed in 1980, 1988 and 1994. The survival of the species depends upon successful artificial reproduction and stocking. We analysed the genetic structure of the population including both, genetic variability in the entire population and degree of relatedness between single individuals. The results of the study suggest the utilization of specimens representing the largest genetic differences for artificial reproduction first

Installation d'un élevage d'esturgeon menacés de façon critique, l'Acipenser sturio, avec une attention particulière sur les gros poissons

Over-exploitation, damming, dredging and most probably deterioration in hydrological characteristics led to a dramatic decrease of the European Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser sturio, population in the 1960s. Maintaining a farmed broodstock is a way for regular provision of fingerlings. Due to uncertainty of long-term maintenance of the wild population, a conservation objective was recently added. All possibilities were investigated to increase the rate of success.The first two are based on the acclimation of small and large wild fish to farm conditions. The third concerns the rearing of artificially-produced fingerlings.The present paper deals mainly with the large wild fish beginning in late 1993.Cette initiative est prise dans un but de conservation. La première étape a consisté en l'acclimatation des petites et gros poissons aux condition d'élevage et la troisième à la production artificielle de lingues. Cet article porte essentiellement sur les gros poissons

Création d'un stock de géniteurs d'Acipenser sturio, une espèce d'esturgeons en danger critique de disparition : problèmes et observations associés à l'adaptation d'individus sauvages aux conditions d'élevage

International audienceThis study deals with the establishment of a confined broodstock of the critically endangered sturgeon Acipenser sturio L., with special emphasis on two groups of wild captive fish. One is composed of 40 juveniles hatched in the wild in 1994 and caught in the Gironde estuary in 1995. The other is made up of older juveniles (n = 8) and adults (n = 6) caught at different times. The fish were fed frozen shrimps and reared in recirculated water systems. The main aims of the study were i) to determine optimal rearing conditions, ii) to improve our knowledge of the species (sex ratio, genetics), and iii) to determine how to manage adults in captivity to produce gametes. Short trawling, rapid transportation with water from the fish habitat and maintaining them in the hatchery in water of similar salinity reduced the initial weight loss which was measured at up to 30%. Growth of juvenile fish 1994-95 was similar in fresh and brackish water till mid 2001. Weight range increased with age. Analysis of 11-ketotestosterone (11 KT) levels shows that one third of these 1994-95-fish are probably males. Of the large juveniles kept in brackish water, some required several months to resume feeding but two 10-kg fish exhibited no weight loss, suggesting a great potential for adaptation. Some breeders did not recover their initial weight for several years, with growth best described as irregularly cyclic. The large fish (10 out of 12) exhibited better growth in a 2 m deep tank compared with a 1 m tank. Out of the 14 large fish, 6 died after one to three years holding for no known reason. The 8 remaining fish are sires, 5 of which matured in 2000 and 2001. Four of the five matured in the two consecutive years. Vernalisation (11°C in winter), natural daylight, one week in fresh water in late spring to mimic upstream migration, and hormonal stimulation with either carp pituitary homogenate or GnRH analogue provided high quality semen. The genetic variability of the Gironde population, assessed from the present experimental fish, is low and all specimens share the same mitochondrial haplotype. Characterisation of mitochondrial DNA fragments suggests that the juveniles born in the wild in 1994 were produced by the same dam and sire.Ce travail a pour but de contribuer à la création d'un stock confiné de géniteurs d'Acipenser sturio L., en particulier à partir de l'adaptation à l'élevage de 2 groupes de poissons sauvages. L'un est composé de 40 jeunes juvéniles nés dans la nature en 1994 et capturés dans l'estuaire de la Gironde en 1995. L'autre groupe est composé de 8 grands juvéniles et de 6 adultes capturés à divers moments. Les poissons élevés en circuits fermés sont nourris avec des crevettes congelées. Les principaux objectifs de travail sont :i) déterminer les conditions optimales d'élevage, ii) améliorer nos connaissances sur l'espèce (sexe ratio, génétique, ), et iii) déterminer comment on doit gérer les adultes en captivité pour obtenir des gamètes. Des traits de chalut courts, un transport rapide dans le même type d'eau dans laquelle ils ont été capturés, et le maintien dans l'écloserie dans une salinité identique à celle de l'eau où ils ont été capturés réduisent la perte de poids initial qui a pu atteindre jusqu'à 30%. La croissance des jeunes juvéniles de 1994-95 est similaire en eau douce et en eau saumâtre jusqu'au milieu 2001. L'écart des poids a augmenté avec l'âge. L'analyse des taux de 11-kétotestostérone montre qu'un tiers des animaux de 1994-95 sont probablement des mâles. Parmi les grands juvéniles maintenus en eau saumâtre, plusieurs mois ont été nécessaires à certains pour retrouver l'appétit sauf pour 2 animaux de 10 kg suggérant ainsi un grand potentiel d'adaptation à ce poids. Quelques géniteurs n'ont retrouvé leur poids initial qu'après plusieurs années, leur croissance a été irrégulièrement cyclique. Les gros animaux (10 parmi 12) ont montré une meilleure croissance dans un bassin plus profond (2 m contre 1 m). Parmi les 14 grands individus, 6 sont morts pour des raisons inconnues après un à 3 ans de stockage. Les 8 animaux restants sont des mâles, 5 d'entre eux sont parvenus à maturité en 2000 et 2001. Quatre parmi ces 5 poissons ont fourni du sperme deux années consécutives. Une vernalisation (11°C en hiver), une photopériode normale, une semaine en eau douce tard au printemps pour mimer la migration de ponte, et une stimulation hormonale avec un extrait hypophysaire de carpe ou un analogue du GnRH ont permis d'obtenir du sperme de qualité. La variabilité génétique de la population de la Gironde, estimée par les animaux objet de la présente étude, est très faible et tous les individus partagent le même haplotype mitochondrial. Une caractérisation de fragments de d'ADN mitochondrial suggère que les jeunes juvéniles de 1994 ont été produit par un seul couple de géniteurs