Crystal growing by electrodeposition from dense gaseous solutions

Single crystals and dendritic formations of silver are grown on platinum electrodes by electrodeposition from a dense gaseous solution of silver nitrate in ammonia. Process is modification of hydrothermal process, and also differs from standard electrodeposition by permitting single crystals to be grown from hydrogen-bonded solvents

Geomorphic classification of Icelandic and Martian volcanoes: Limitations of comparative planetology research from LANDSAT and Viking orbiter images

Some limitations in using orbital images of planetary surfaces for comparative landform analyses are discussed. The principal orbital images used were LANDSAT MSS images of Earth and nominal Viking Orbiter images of Mars. Both are roughly comparable in having a pixel size which corresponds to about 100 m on the planetary surface. A volcanic landform on either planet must have a horizontal dimension of at least 200 m to be discernible on orbital images. A twofold bias is directly introduced into any comparative analysis of volcanic landforms on Mars versus those in Iceland because of this scale limitation. First, the 200-m cutoff of landforms may delete more types of volcanic landforms on Earth than on Mars or vice versa. Second, volcanic landforms in Iceland, too small to be resolved or orbital images, may be represented by larger counterparts on Mars or vice versa

Geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. A binational, multidisciplinary research effort in Iceland is directed at an analysis of MSS imagery from ERTS-1 to study a variety of geologic, hydrologic, oceanographic, and agricultural phenomena. Initial findings are: (1) recent lava flows can be delineated from older ones; (2) ERTS-1 and NOAA-2 recorded volcanic eruptions on Heimaey, Vestmann Islands; (3) coastline changes are mappable; (4) areas covered with new or residual snow can be mapped, and dark appearance of newly fallen snow on band 7 appears to be related to melting; (5) sediment plumes from discharge of glacial rivers can be delineated; (6) the area encompassed by glacial ice can be mapped, including the new position of a surging glacier, Eyjabakkajokull, and related phenomena of nunataks and moraines; (7) changes in position of rivers, lake sizes, and new lakes can be mapped; (8) low sun angle imagery enhances the morphologic expression of constructional glacial and volcanic landforms; (9) MSS color composites permit regional mapping of distribution of vegetation; and (10) at least at 1:250, 000 map scale and smaller, ERTS-1 imagery provides a means of updating various types of maps of Iceland and will permit the compilation of maps specifically aimed at those dynamic environmental phenomena which impact on the Icelandic economy

Satellite geological and geophysical remote sensing of Iceland

The author has identified the following significant results. Most of the research emphasis was directed at the analysis of Icelandic icecaps on ERTS imagery. A number of new findings were made, including: (1) on low sun angle imagery of Hofsjokull, the outline of a probable central volcano can be seen delineated on the northwest part of the icecap; (2) on low sun angle imagery of Langjokull, two parallel hyaloclastite ridges can be seen to continue for more than 10 km in from the margin of the icecap; (3) measurements of contorted medial moraines on images of Skeioararjokull, acquired about 11 months apart show an approximate 600 m of annual glacier movement; (4) measurements on images of the surging glacier, Eyjabakkajokull, taken about 11 months apart show an approximate 1.8 km of movement during that time; and (5) successive ERTS images of the glacier-dammed lake, Graenalon, show an increase in area of the lake until the ice dam was partially breached, causing a jokulhlaup across the Skeioararsandur. Because of the shape of the lake basin the elevation of the post-jokulhlaup lake can be determined from ERTS imagery to + or - 2 m

Quantitative geomorphologic studies from spaceborne platforms

Although LANDSAT images of our planet represent a quantum improvement in the availability of a global image-data set for independent or comparative regional geomorphic studies of landforms, such images have several limitations which restrict their suitability for quantitative geomorphic investigations. The three most serious deficiencies are: (1) photogrammetric inaccuracies, (2) two-dimensional nature of the data, and (3) spatial resolution. These deficiencies are discussed, as well as the use of stereoscopic images and laser altimeter data

Coastal and submarine features on MSS imagery of Southeastern Massachusetts: Comparison with conventional maps

Three ERTS-1, MSS images of southeastern Massachusetts, including Cape Cod Bay, Cape Cod, and Nantucket Sound, show a variety of dynamic geologic and hydrologic phenomena. Coastal features imaged include the coastline at different time in the tidal cycle, harbors, lakes and ponds, marshes (wetlands), and beach and dune areas; submarine features include tidal flats, shoals, dredged and natural channels, and bars. Comparison with conventional maps at 1:1,000,000 and 1:250,000 scales show many inaccuracies between the ERTS imagery and the two map scales. The ERTS-1 imagery can be used to increase the accuracy of these maps, portray additional environmental information, and provide the capability for frequent updating of maps at such scales. ERTS-1 imagery provides a very cost effective method for provision of certain types of environmental data for Cape Cod and environs

An evaluation of errors observed in the measurement of low wind velocities

Measurements of low wind velocities (the absolute value of V sub H is approx. equal to 6 m/s) with a VHF wind profiler can be difficult if ground clutter or other biases in the system dominate in altering the position of the perceived peak in the calculated power spectrum. A variety of methods for ground clutter suppression are used in profiler systems today (Cornish, 1983). An editing method called zero suppression takes the spectral value of selectable number of points (N) on each side of 0 velocity (one point on either side, in this study) and sets them equal to the mean value of the points exterior to the specified N points on either side of 0. Analysis done with the PSU VHF(1) radar, shows that this zero-suppression method can systematically bias horizontal wings V sub H below 6 m/s. With the zero suppression, an artificial increase in absolute wind velocities occurs when the spectral peaks fall within the plus or minus N points of the FFT (personal communication, Strauch, 1985). It was also established that the method artificially decreases the absolute wind velocities inferred from spectral peaks that are outside but near the suppressed region. Comparisons of wind profiles observed with and without zero suppression are given. The range of the biased velocities extends to about plus or minus 6 m/s. Biases have been deduced to be as much as 2 m/s, but more commonly they are on the order of 1.0 m/s

Atomic final-state interactions in tritium decay

We calculate the effect of the Coulomb interaction of the ejected β ray with the bound atomic electron in the β decay of a tritium atom. The excited state probabilities of the residual helium ion are changed by at most 0.17% from the usual sudden approximation

Quark Condensates: Flavour Dependence

We determine the q-bar q condensate for quark masses from zero up to that of the strange quark within a phenomenologically successful modelling of continuum QCD by solving the quark Schwinger-Dyson equation. The existence of multiple solutions to this equation is the key to an accurate and reliable extraction of this condensate using the operator product expansion. We explain why alternative definitions fail to give the physical condensate.Comment: 9 pages, 7 figures, uses appolb.cls, LaTeX. Talk presented by R. Williams at the EURIDICE Final Meeting, August 24-27th, 2006, Kazimierz, Polan